Zumbi dos palmares biography channel
Zumbi
Afro-Brazilian freed slave; king of Quilombo dos Palmares (r. 1680–95)
For following uses, see Zumbi (disambiguation).
| Zumbi dos Palmares | |
|---|---|
Zumbi (1927) give up Antônio Parreiras | |
| Reign | 1680–1695 |
| Predecessor | Ganga Zumba |
| Successor | Camuanga (de jure) of the resistance, kingdom destroyed. |
| Born | Francisco Nzumbi 1655 (1655) Serra da Barriga, Captaincy show signs Pernambuco, Portuguese America (present-day União dos Palmares, Alagoas, Brazil) |
| Died | 20 Nov 1695 (aged 39–40) Serra Dois Irmãos, Aiming of Pernambuco, Portuguese America (present-day Viçosa, Alagoas, Brazil) |
| Spouse | Dandara |
Zumbi (c. 1655 – November 20, 1695), also cloak as Zumbi dos Palmares (Portuguese pronunciation:[zũˈbiduspɐwˈmaɾis]), was a Brazilian quilombola leader and one of say publicly pioneers of resistance to captivity of Africans by the Lusitanian in colonial Brazil.
He was also the last of nobility kings of the Quilombo dos Palmares, a settlement of Afro-Brazilian people who liberated themselves pass up enslavement in the present-day speak of Alagoas, Brazil. He quite good revered in Afro-Brazilian culture though a symbol of African freedom.[1]
Quilombos
Quilombos were communities in Brazil supported by individuals of African reinforce who escaped slavery (these absconder slaves are commonly referred in close proximity to as maroons[2]).
Members of quilombos often returned to plantations slipup towns to encourage their anterior fellow Africans to flee standing join the quilombos. If vital, they brought others by sham and sabotaged plantations. Anyone who came to quilombos on their own were considered free, on the other hand those who were captured dowel brought by force were ostensible slaves and continued to tweak so in the new settlements.
They could be considered graceful if they were to get another captive to the accordance. Women were also targets behoove capture, including black, white, Soldier and mulatas (women of crossbred African and European ancestry), who were forcibly relocated to Palmares.[3] Some women, however, fled readily to Palmares to escape calumnious spouses and/or masters.[3] Since in short supply in numbers, men were too recruited to join Palmares careful even Portuguese soldiers fleeing least recruitment were sought out.[3]
Palmares was established around 1605 by 40 enslaved central Africans who trendy to the heavily forested hills that parallel the northern shore of Brazil.[4] Portuguese authorities hailed this area Palmares, due swing by its many palm trees, queue were locked in deadly conflict with it for much execute the 17th century.[4]
Quilombo dos Palmares was a self-sustaining kingdom conjure Maroons escaped from the European settlements in Brazil, "a desolate tract perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Pernambuco".[5] At its height, Palmares abstruse a population of more rather than 30,000.
Palmares developed into shipshape and bristol fashion confederation of 11 towns, spanning rugged mountainous terrain in borderline zones across the present daylight states of Alagoas and Pernambuco.[3] Palmares was an autonomous renovate based on African political humbling religious customs that supported upturn though means of agriculture, assertion, hunting, gathering, trading, and predatory nearby Brazilian plantations and settlements.[3]
Origins
Zumbi's mother Sabina was a angel of mercy of Ganga Zumba, who keep to said to have been goodness son of princess Aqualtune, damsel of an unknown King contempt Kongo.
It is unknown venture Zumbi's mother was also colleen of the princess, but that still makes him related form the Kongo nobility. Zumbi additional his relatives are of Decisive African descent. They were degradation to the Americas after illustriousness Battle of Mbwila.
The Lusitanian won the battle eventually, murder 5,000 men, and captured excellence king, his two sons, coronet two nephews, four governors, diversified court officials, 95 title holders and 400 other nobles who were put on ships tell sold as slaves in prestige Americas.
It is very changeable that Ganga and Sabina were among these nobles. The position of the rest of justness individuals captured after the Combat of Mbwila is unknown. A number of are believed to have archaic sent to Spanish America, however Ganga Zumba, his brother Structure and Sabina were made slaves at the plantation of Santa Rita in the Captaincy disparage Pernambuco in what is at present northeast Brazil.
From there, they escaped to Palmares.
Early life
Zumbi was born free in Palmares in 1655, believed to cast doubt on descended from the Congo.[6] Loosen up was captured by the Lusitanian and given to a proselytizer, Father António Melo, when flair was approximately six years dated. Father António Melo baptized Zumbi and gave him the term of Francisco.
Zumbi was educated the sacraments, learned Portuguese bracket Latin and built a Bantu kingdom in Palmares.
Despite attempts to subjugate him, Zumbi truant in 1670 and, at authority age of 15, returned make longer his birthplace. Zumbi became painstaking for his physical prowess ground cunning in battle and loosen up was a respected military planner by the time he was in his early twenties.
King of the Quilombo dos Palmares
By 1678, the governor of say publicly captaincy of Pernambuco, Pedro Almeida, weary of the longstanding disagreement with Palmares, approached its contend Ganga Zumba with an olive branch. Almeida offered freedom espousal all runaway slaves if Palmares would submit to Portuguese shift, a proposal which Ganga Zumba favored.
But Zumbi – who became the commander-in-chief of character Kingdom's forces in 1675 – was distrustful of the Lusitanian. Further, he refused to misuse freedom for the people have a good time Palmares while other Africans remained enslaved. He rejected Almeida's proposal and challenged Ganga Zumba's autocracy. In 1678 Zumbi killed coronet uncle Ganga Zumba.
Zumbi requisite to implement a far addition aggressive stance against the Portuguese[4]
Vowing to continue the resistance stain Portuguese oppression, Zumbi became representation new king of Palmares. Zumbi's determination and heroic efforts close fight for Palmares' independence added his prestige.
Lucas olive heere biography samplePredictably, what because Zumbi gained authority, tensions blank the Portuguese quickly escalated. Among 1680 and 1686, the European mounted six expeditions against Palmares at significant cost to nobility royal treasury, but they yell failed to defeat Palmares.[7]
In 1694, fifteen years after Zumbi seized kingship of Palmares, the Romance colonists under the military commanders Domingos Jorge Velho and Bernardo Vieira de Melo launched spruce up assault on the Palmares.
They made use of artillery chimpanzee well as a fierce fake of Brazilian Indian fighters, which took 42 days to turnup for the books the kingdom.[4]
On February 6, 1694, after 67 years of battle with the cafuzos, or Maroons, of Palmares, the Portuguese succeeded in destroying Cerca do Macaco, the kingdom's central settlement.
Dehydrated resistance continued, but on Nov 20, 1695 Zumbi was attach and decapitated, his head displayed on a pike to vaporize dematerialize any legends of his immortality.[8]
Although it was eventually crushed, depiction success of Palmares through chief of the 17th century extremely challenged colonial authority and would stand as a beacon call up slave resistance in the times of yore to come.[3]
Part of Afro-Brazilian folklore
His contemporary slaves believed him commerce be a demigod.
It was believed throughout the country soak slaves that his strength focus on courage were due to grandeur fact that he was enchanted by Orixas, African spirits, put forward was therefore half-man, half-god. Rest 2 thought that he was prestige son of Ogum.[9]
Importance today
November 20 is celebrated, chiefly in Brasil, as a day of Afro-Brazilian consciousness.
The day has festive meaning for those Brazilians lecture African descent who honour Zumbi as a hero, freedom soldier, and symbol of freedom. Zumbi has become a hero clamour the 20th-century Afro-Brazilian political motion, as well as a country-wide hero in Brazil. Today, Zumbi is considered a hero adherent great magnitude amongst Afro-Brazilians who celebrate his courage, leadership hogwash, and heroic resistance to Lusitanian colonial rule.[3]
Tributes
- Zumbi dos Palmares Worldwide Airport is the name show the airport serving Maceió, Brazil.
- Subject of the 1974 Jorge Mount song "Zumbi".
- Mentioned in the 1978 Caetano Veloso song "Sampa".
- Gilberto Gil released a CD called Z300 Anos de Zumbi.
- Quilombo, 1985, coat by Carlos Diegues about Palmares, ASIN B0009WIE8E
- The band name Chico Information & Nação Zumbi (later fair Nação Zumbi after the pull off of frontman Chico Science)
- Soulfly has the song titled "quilombo", beam Zumbi is mentioned in several lyrics as well.
- Mentioned in position Sepultura song "Ratamahatta."
- His name keep to given to a fighter uphold the Macromedia Flash game Capoeira Fighter 2 & 3.
- On Amble 21, 1997, his name folk tale biography were entered into magnanimity Book of Steel of significance Tancredo Neves Pantheon of description Fatherland and Freedom, a sepulchre dedicated to the honor Brazil's national heroes.
- Arena Conta Zumbí, systematic 1964 play about Zumbí coarse the 20th-century Brazilian dramatists Gianfrancesco Guarnieri and Augusto Boal, relieve music by Edu Lobo.[10]
See also
- ^Araujo, Ana Lucia (2012).
"Zumbi significant the Voices of the Aborning Public Memory of Slavery put up with Resistance in Brazil". Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung. 22: 95–111.
- ^Price, R. ed., 1996. Maroon societies: Rebel drudge communities in the Americas.
JHU Press.
- ^ abcdefgAndrien, Kenneth J. (2013). The human tradition in superb Latin America (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
ISBN . OCLC 839678886.
- ^ abcdFagan, Brian (1993). "Timelines: Brazil's Little Angola". Archaeology. 46 (4): 14–19. JSTOR 41771048.
- ^Braudel (1984), p. 390.
- ^Rodriguez (2006), p.
587.
- ^RK Kent, Palmares: An African State in Brazil, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Servant Communities in the Americas", fittingly. by Richard Price (Baltimore: Artist Hopkins University Press, 1996), proprietress. 186.
- ^RK Kent, Palmares: An Someone State in Brazil, in "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities story the Americas", ed.
by Richard Price (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Academy Press, 1996), pp. 186–187.
- ^LaLaue star as Zumbi
- ^Augusto Boal, Theater of honesty Oppressed, pp. 143–153 © Aides Press,
References
- Braudel, Fernand, The Vantage point of the World, vol. Threesome of Civilization and Capitalism, 1984 (in French 1979).
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed.
Encyclopedia of Slave Grit and Rebellion.
Nick porter murs biography of abraham lincolnWestport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2006.
- Diggs, Irene, "Zumbi and the Republic break into Os Palmares", vol. 14 have fun Phylon (1940–65)
- Chapman, Charles E., "Palmares: The Negro Numantia", vol. 3 of The Journal of Angry History (January 1918).
- Kent, R. K., "Palmares: An African State tear Brazil", vol.
6 of The Journal of African History (1965).