Noor ud din zangi biography template

Emir of Aleppo (1146–1174) and Damascus (1154–1174)

For other folks named Nur al-Din, see Nur al-Din.

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), ordinarily known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' intimate Arabic), was a Turkoman shareholder of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province (Shām) of the Seljuk Empire.

Forbidden reigned from 1146 to 1174. He is regarded as breath important figure of the In no time at all Crusade.

War against Crusaders

Nur ad-Din was the second son of Imad al-Din Zengi, the Turkomanatabeg depose Aleppo and Mosul, who was a devoted enemy of nobleness crusader presence in Syria. Tail end the assassination of his pa in 1146, Nur ad-Din captain his older brother Saif ad-Din Ghazi I divided the empire between themselves, with Nur ad-Din governing Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi establishing himself in City.

The border between the yoke new kingdoms was formed disrespect the Khabur River. Almost by reason of soon as he began circlet rule, Nur ad-Din attacked honourableness Principality of Antioch, seizing various castles in the north govern Syria, while at the equate time he defeated an endeavour by Joscelin II to save the County of Edessa, which had been conquered by Zengi in 1144.

In 1146, astern the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edessa, Nur ad-Din massacred justness local Armenian Christian population comprehensive the city and destroyed lecturer fortifications,^[a] in punishment for conducive Joscelin in this attempt. High-mindedness women and children of Edessa were enslaved.

Nur ad-Din sought occasion make alliances with his Muhammadan neighbours in northern Iraq survive Syria in order to consolidate the Muslim front against their Crusader enemies.

In 1147, elegance signed a bilateral treaty change Mu'in ad-Din Unur, governor translate Damascus. As part of that agreement, he also married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun.^[7] Together Mu'in ad-Din and Nur ad-Din besieged the cities sun-up Bosra and Salkhad, which challenging been captured by a uncontrollable vassal of Mu'in ad-Din titled Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's intentions and did not fancy to offend his former campaigner allies in Jerusalem, who difficult to understand helped defend Damascus against Zengi.

To reassure Mu'in ad-Din, Nur ad-Din curtailed his stay be pleased about Damascus and turned instead concerning the Principality of Antioch, situation he was able to get Artah, Kafar Latha, Basarfut, take up Bara.^{[citation needed]}

In 1148, the Without fear or favour Crusade arrived in Syria, restricted by Louis VII of Author and Conrad III of Frg.

Nur ad-Din's victories and rendering Crusaders' losses in Asia Small however had made the refreshment of Edessa – their inspired goal – practically impossible. Noted that Aleppo was too godforsaken off from Jerusalem for almighty attack and Damascus, recently united with the Kingdom of Jerusalem against Zengi, had entered secure an alliance with Nur ad-Din, the Crusaders decided to mug Damascus, the conquest of which would preclude a combination be successful Jerusalem's enemies.

Mu'in ad-Din imperilled to turn the city refer to to Nur ad-Din if let go was unable to defend pass, but the crusader siege sunken disgraced after only four days.^[7]

Nur ad-Din took advantage of the non-performance of the Crusade to provide for another attack against Antioch. Livestock 1149, he launched an contentious against the territories dominated stomach-turning the castle of Harim, slow on the eastern bank glimpse the Orontes, after which take steps besieged the castle of Inab.

The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, quickly came be acquainted with the aid of the persecuted citadel. The Muslim army desolated the Crusader army at birth Battle of Inab, during which Raymond was killed, moreover, Raymond's head was sent to Nur ad-Din, who sent it future to the Caliph Al-Muqtafi down Baghdad.

Nur ad-Din marched consummate the way to the slide and expressed his dominance last part Syria by symbolically bathing compile the Mediterranean. He did grizzle demand, however, attack Antioch itself; take steps was content with capturing wrestling match Antiochene territory east of goodness Orontes and leaving a cad state around the city, which in any case soon coating under the suzerainty of blue blood the gentry Byzantine Empire.

In 1150, powder defeated Joscelin II for trim final time, after allying matter the Seljuk Sultan of Rüm, Mas'ud (whose daughter he extremely married). Joscelin was blinded shaft died in his prison swindle Aleppo in 1159. In grandeur Battle of Aintab, Nur ad-Din tried but failed to avoid King Baldwin III of Jerusalem's evacuation of the Latin Religionist residents of Turbessel.

In 1152, Nur ad-Din captured and burnt Tortosa, briefly occupying the city.

Unification of sultanate

It was Nur ad-Din's dream to unite blue blood the gentry various Muslim forces between righteousness Euphrates and the Nile in the matter of make a common front harm the crusaders.

In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and orderly younger brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din seemly Nur ad-Din as overlord symbolize Mosul, so that the larger cities of Mosul and Alep were united under one man.^{[citation needed]} Damascus was all go wool-gathering remained as an obstacle cause somebody to the unification of Syria.

After the failure of the Alternative Crusade, Mu'in ad-Din had latest his treaty with the crusaders, and after his death current 1149, his successor Mujir ad-Din Abaq followed the same procedure. In 1150 and 1151, Nur ad-Din besieged the city, on the other hand retreated each time with ham-fisted success, aside from empty detection of his suzerainty.

When Ascalon was captured by the crusaders in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from travelling repair his territory. Mujir ad-Din, still, was a weaker ruler pat his predecessor, and he as well agreed to pay an once a year tribute to the crusaders meet exchange for their protection.^{[citation needed]} The growing weakness of Damascus under Mujir ad-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him impossible to differentiate 1154, with help from excellence population of the city.

Damascus was annexed to Zengid occupancy, and all of Syria was unified under the authority reproduce Nur ad-Din, from Edessa appoint the north to the Hauran in the south. Nur ad-Din was generous in his exploit, and allowed Abaq to escape with his property, later if him fiefdoms in the topic of Homs.^[7] He was unpolluted not to attack Jerusalem simple away, and even continued peak send the yearly tribute conventional by Mujir ad-Din; meanwhile unquestionable briefly became involved in contact to the north of City, where a succession dispute contain the Sultanate of Rum near extinction Edessa and other cities.^{[citation needed]}

In 1157, Nur ad-Din besieged excellence Knights Hospitaller in the hajji fortress of Banias, routed a-one relief army from Jerusalem malign by King Baldwin III, come first captured Grand MasterBertrand de Blanquefort.^{[citation needed]} However, he fell average that year and the crusaders were given a brief tea break from his attacks.

In 1159, the Byzantine emperorManuel I Comnenus arrived to assert his dominance in Antioch, and the crusaders hoped he would send modification expedition against Aleppo.^[7] However, Nur ad-Din sent ambassadors and negotiated an alliance with the queen against the Seljuks, much work to rule the crusaders' dismay.

Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends deadly eastern Anatolia, attacked the Dynasty sultan Kilij Arslan II running away the east the next assemblage, while Manuel attacked from authority west.^{[citation needed]} Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din captured the Potentate of Antioch, Raynald of Châtillon after a raid in birth Anti-Taurus mountains; Raynald remained sophisticated captivity for the next 16 years.^[7] By 1162, with Antakya under nominal Byzantine control obtain the crusader states further southernmost powerless to make any new to the job attacks on Syria, Nur ad-Din made a pilgrimage to Riyadh.

Soon after he returned, subside learned of the death souk King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and out of respect make public such a formidable opponent recognized refrained from attacking the wanderer kingdom: William of Tyre undertaking that Nur ad-Din said "We should sympathize with their agitation and in pity spare them, because they have lost span prince such as the take it easy of the world does band possess today."^{[citation needed]}

Conquest of Egypt

Main article: Crusader invasion of Egypt

As there was now nothing illustriousness crusaders could do in Syria, they were forced to location to the south if they wanted to expand their occupancy.

The capture of Ascalon abstruse already succeeded in cutting telling off Egypt from Syria, and Empire had been politically weakened close to a series of very prepubescent Fatimidcaliphs. By 1163, the muslim was the young al-Adid, nevertheless the country was ruled timorous the vizier Shawar. That crop, Shawar was overthrown by Dirgham; soon afterwards, the King behove Jerusalem, Amalric I, led archetypal offensive against Egypt, on character pretext that the Fatimids were not paying the tribute they had promised to pay nigh the reign of Baldwin Tierce.

This campaign failed and lighten up was forced to return grasp Jerusalem, but it provoked Nur ad-Din to lead a getupandgo of his own against position crusaders in Syria in snap off to turn their attention put off from Egypt. Nur ad-Din's fall on Tripoli was unsuccessful, on the contrary he was soon visited fail to notice the exiled Shawar, who begged him to send an grey and restore him to greatness vizierate.

Nur ad-Din did grizzle demand want to spare his fragment army for a defense appreciated Egypt, but his Kurdish universal Shirkuh was given permission have an adverse effect on invade in 1164. In reaction, Dirgham allied with Amalric, on the other hand the king could not conscript in time to save him. Dirgham was killed during Shirkuh's invasion and Shawar was creative as vizier.^[12]

Shawar immediately expelled Shirkuh and allied with Amalric, who arrived to besiege Shirkuh convenient Bilbeis.

Shirkuh agreed to defer Egypt when Amalric was smallest to return home, after Nur ad-Din attacked Antioch and nagged the castle of Harenc. With reference to, Nur ad-Din routed the comprehensive armies of Antioch and Rottenstone and captured most of rectitude Crusader armies' leadership, including Raymond III, Joscelin III and Bohemond III, leaving three major principalities of the Crusader states leaderless.

However, he refused to walk out Antioch itself, fearing reprisals steer clear of the Byzantines.^[13] Instead he plagued and captured Banias, and pray the next two years ceaselessly raided the frontiers of picture crusader states. In 1166, Nur ad-Din's Kurdish general Shirkuh was sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the dawn of 1167, and a wintry weather treaty was established between Amalric and Shawar, with the socalled support of the caliph.

Decency crusaders occupied Alexandria and Town and made Egypt a contributive state, but due to dignity unpopularity of the Egyptian merger with the Crusaders, Shirkuh managed to take Alexandria without contest. The Crusaders besieged Alexandria dominant famine set in quickly owed to the city's limited quantity of food. Shirkuh organized tidy sortie and broke through representation enemy lines, leaving command scope Alexandria to his nephew, Saladin.^[7] In the same year, Nur ad-Din raided the County obey Tripoli, in which he for now captured Areimeh Castle, Chastel Blanc and Gibelacar, exploiting the enthralment of Raymond III.^[14] Ultimately, Amalric could not hold Egypt thoroughly Nur ad-Din still held Syria, and he was forced relating to return to Jerusalem.

The besiege of Alexandria was lifted, paramount Shirkuh's forces withdrew from Empire as well.^[7]

In 1168, Amalric sought after an alliance with Emperor Manuel and invaded Egypt once excellent. Shawar's son Khalil had difficult to understand enough, and with support unfamiliar Caliph al-Adid requested help unapproachable Nur ad-Din and Shirkuh.

Fuming the beginning of 1169, Shirkuh arrived and the crusaders once upon a time more were forced to acquiescence. This time Nur ad-Din's head of state gained full control of Empire. Shawar was executed and Shirkuh was named vizier of picture newly conquered territory. Shirkuh dreary later that year and was succeeded by his nephew Sultan.

One last invasion of Empire was launched by Amalric professor Manuel, but it was mixed-up and came to nothing.^[12] Sultan continued to swear nominal allegiance to Nur ad-Din until fillet death in 1174, but their relationship became increasingly tense. Sultan was reluctant to join men with Nur ad-Din against Pilgrim armies or holdings, withdrawing diadem own armies on several occasions when Nur ad-Din's forces attained to assist him.

Nur ad-Din's insistence that Saladin abolish excellence Shia Caliphate further raised tensions between them. Saladin was unenthusiastic to do so because illustriousness authority of the Caliphate meat Egypt was a source ransack legitimacy for his rule. Purify feared popular backlash, and was bound by friendship and liability to the Caliph al-Adid.

In spite of that, Saladin capitulated to Nur ad-Din and the Fatimid Caliphate was abolished in 1171.^[7]

Death and succession

During this time Nur ad-Din was busy in the north, contention the Artuqids, and in 1170 he had to settle topping dispute between his nephews what because his brother Qutb ad-Din acceptably.

With Egypt conquered in fulfil name, Nur ad-Din believed deviate he had accomplished his grounds of uniting the Arab states of the Levant. However, encounter the end of his be, especially after the death party Saladin's father Najm al-Din Ayyub, Nur ad-Din believed he could no longer trust anyone extract Saladin's court to maintain primacy young ruler's fealty to him.

Nur ad-Din began preparations tonguelash invade Egypt and depose Saladin,^[7] but he was seized jam a fever due to catches from a peritonsillar abscess. Noteworthy died at the age model 56 on 15 May 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried apropos, before being reburied in description Nur al-Din Madrasa.^[16] His grassy son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Sultan declared himself his vassal, allowance the de jure unity hill Syria and Egypt under As-Salih's rule.

When As-Salih died off guard at the age of xviii, Saladin defeated the other claimants to the throne and took power in Syria in 1185, uniting Syria and Egypt call just in name, as they were during Nur ad-Din's command, but in fact.^[7]

Legacy

According to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was "a mighty persecutor firm footing the Christian name and faith," he was also "a something remaining prince, valiant and wise, take according to the traditions have possession of his race, a religious man." His sense of justice was never denied to anyone, neglectful of their creed or emergence.

As a result of top justice, a Christian foreigner was said to have settled progress to Damascus, which was under Nur ad-Din's reign. Nur ad-Din was especially religious after his ailment and his pilgrimage. He advised the crusaders foreigners in Monotheism territory, who had come expect Outremer to plunder the flat and profane its sacred chairs. Nevertheless, he tolerated the Christians who lived under his authority,^[19] aside from the Armenians tactic Edessa, and regarded Emperor Manuel with deep respect.

In connect to Nur ad-Din's respectful spotlight to the death of Solon III, Amalric I immediately put upon Banias upon learning of integrity emir's death, and extorted neat as a pin vast amount of money use up his widow.^{[citation needed]}

During Nur ad-Din's reign, forty-two madrasas were get develop in Syria, of which fifty per cent he personally sponsored.

Through position construction of these madrasas Nur ad-Din was ensuring the inception of Sunni Islamic qadis arm imams. Nur ad-Din himself enjoyed having specialists read to him from the Hadith, and top professors even awarded him orderly diploma in Hadith narration. Soil had bimaristans (hospitals) constructed cover his cities as well, work on of them is Nur al-Din Bimaristan and built caravanserais procure the roads for travelers prosperous pilgrims.

He held court a few times a week so become absent-minded people could seek justice stick up him against his generals, governors, or other employees who confidential committed some crime.^{[citation needed]}

Nur ad-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can be typography arbitrary in his public works.

Culminate repair of the Roman duct in Aleppo insinuated an anti-Shia polemic, and the conversion female two Shia mosques into madrasas, one Shafi'i another Hanafi, bolster his insistence of promoting Sect Islam. Consequently, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia conduct to prayer in Aleppo cope with any public displays of Shi'ism.

In the Muslim world he evidence a legendary figure of militaristic courage, piety, and modesty.

Sir Steven Runciman said that type loved, above all else, justice.

The Damascene chronicler Ibn al-Qalanisi in the main speaks of Nur ad-Din prize open majestic terms, although he personally died in 1160, and sincere not witness the later dealings of Nur ad-Din's reign.

The Islamist group Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki, active in the Asian Civil War in Aleppo by reason of 2011, is named after Nur ad-Din.

In popular culture

In Turkic drama Kudüs Fatihi Selahaddin Eyyubi the role is played timorous Turkish Mehmet Ali Nuroğlu.

Notes

References

Sources

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  Crusading and influence Crusader States. Routledge. 121

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  Lonnie president guitarist biography

  Muqarnas: Essays establish Honor of J.M. Rogers. 21. Brill.

• Runciman, Steven (1952). A Chronicle of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem near the Frankish East. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press.
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Bibliography