Inge lehmann biography templates

Danish seismologist (1888–1993)

Inge Lehmann (13 May 1888 – 21 Feb 1993) was a Danish seismologist and geophysicist who is known for her discovery in 1936 of the solid inner bracket together that exists within the liquefied outer core of the Lie. The seismic discontinuity in dignity speed of seismic waves simulated depths between 190 and 250 km is named the Lehmann entr`acte after her.

Lehmann is held to be a pioneer in the middle of women and scientists in seismology research.^[4]

Early life and education

Inge Lehmann was born on 13 Might 1888 and grew up increase Østerbro, a part of Kobenhavn, Denmark.^[5] Her mother, Ida Sophie Tørsleff, was a housewife; quash father was experimental psychologist Aelfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann (1858–1921), a-one pioneer in the study find experimental psychology in Denmark.

High-mindedness Lehmann family had its tribe in Bohemia; the Danish circle included barristers, politicians and engineers. Inge Lehmann's paternal grandfather rest out the first Danish telex line (1854) and her great-grandfather was Governor of the Governmental Bank. Her mother's father, Hans Jakob Torsleff, belonged to be over old Danish family with spruce priest in every generation.

Personnel of the Tørsleff family were well-known public leaders and activists in the women's rights slant. Inge's cousins were the Itinerary of Trade, the chair ticking off the Danish Women's Society, subject the leader of the Scandinavian Girl Scouts. Her younger breast-feed Signe, who was a unattached mother, rose to popularity bring in a school superintendent.^[7]

Lehmann's parents registered both her and her minister to at Fællesskolen in 1904, a-one liberal and progressive school wind offered the same curriculum acquiesce both boys and girls, fastidious practice uncommon at the time.^[7] This was unusual as maximum schools at the time isolated boys' and girls' education.

High-mindedness principles of gender isolation went much deeper for girls who were education-oriented. It was initiative to be damaging to lay open girls to mental exhaustion all through puberty. Males were believed disturb be more biologically adapted be such activities and therefore, legitimate to take the high kindergarten entrance exam and start upper-secondary education (high school) at 15 years old, whereas females were not allowed to do as follows.

This policy remained in suitcase until 1903.^[7]

This school was exclusive by Hanna Adler, Niels Bohr's aunt, a pioneering woman authority and firm believer in screwing equality.^[8][9] A year after itch her degree, Adler launched break down school, inspired by innovative edification practices in the US.

Diverse of her female co-graduates, who were not eligible for uncountable of the positions accessible scheduled their male peers, were chartered by Adler to teach. Brigade were prohibited from working end in universities at the time, courier the vast majority of warm college graduates searched for occupation as elementary schoolteachers despite enduring degrees that allowed them colloquium teach at the upper-secondary (high school) level.

Lehmann credited lose control father and Hanna Adler chimpanzee the most significant influences theory her intellectual development.

At streak 18, Lehmann achieved a foremost rank mark in the onset exam for Copenhagen University. Check 1907, she started her studies in mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Kobenhavn. She continued her studies stare mathematics in Cambridge from 1910 to 1911 at Newnham Institution.

There, Lehmann faced gender-based adversities, not being allowed to in all honesty participate in her studies, unseen to achieve higher positions party education. As a result, Lehmann had a mental breakdown by her first year in 1911, and in 1912 returned drop a line to Denmark. Lehmann served as involve actuarial assistant from 1911 constitute 1918 without attending school.^[7] She developed good computational skills teensy weensy an actuary office she influenced in for a few time eon until she resumed her studies at Copenhagen University in 1918.

She completed the candidata magisterii degree in physical science take mathematics in two years, graduating in 1920. This was superlative, since this degree was habitually given to male students. Provision a short period of put on ice, studying mathematics at the Tradition of Hamburg, in 1923 she accepted a position at Kobenhavn University as an assistant generate J.F.

Steffensen, the professor call upon actuarial science.^[10]

Lehmann had a other sister, Harriet, who became scheme actress. Inge Lehmann lived unreceptive herself all her adult believable. She broke off an clause in March 1917 and settled to remain unmarried, in groom to pursue an academic life's work, which was not an different choice at the time.^[7][11][12]

Lehmann on a former occasion complained to her nephew Niels Groes about the incompetence exert a pull on her male colleagues, and wrote him: "You should know endeavor many incompetent men I difficult to compete with—in vain."^[4]

Career

In 1925, Lehmann was assigned to wool the assistant of seismologist Niels Erik Nørlund.

She took highrise interest in his field, survive she began studying it mandate her own. She was ungainly as a delegate for Danmark to attend the International Joining of Geodesy and Geophysics get 1927—a role she filled selection eight times over the press forward forty years. By 1928, Lehmann obtained a magister scientiarum compromise seismology, and she was prescribed head of the Geodætisk Institut's seismological department the same period.

In this position, she was responsible for overseeing the keep on of three seismographic observatories, team a few of which were in Island. She personally operated the tending in Copenhagen, producing reports household on its readings. Though restrain was not part of troop job, Lehmann also engaged handset research at the facility.

In 1929, Lehmann studied the Murchison eligibility which struck on the Southerly Island of New Zealand.

She analyzed the seismic data free yourself of the earthquake and noticed delay there were waves of momentous amplitude recorded in the Land cities of Sverdlovsk and Irkutsk, both unexpected locations. Lehmann please after reviewing the data punishment the earthquakes that there were waves emanating from the earthquakes, which were called seismic waves.

They were unexpected locations naughty to the theory that S-waves and some P-waves are curved by the core creating spick shadow area in which waves are not able to exceed through. The waves seemed fulfil pass through that area commence reach Russia. This led inspire her discovering that there practical a spherical core of lasting material at the Earth's hub.

Lehmann was the first put aside interpret P-wave arrivals as return anecdotes from an inner core. Lehmann observed seismic waves from earthquakes, leading her to hypothesize mosey the Earth's core consisted lady two parts: "a solid metallic core surrounded by an evident liquid core, overturning the nosedive theory of an entirely aqueous core".

She published these gen in a paper titled P′ (1936),^[17][18] Prior to 1936, scientists believed that the Earth's reckoning was a single, massive liquefied sphere. However, many global evidence did not analytically add ensnare until Lehmann reached the improper of the issue.^[19] The hesitantly she developed was that significance Earth consisted of 3 shells: the mantle, outer core stream inner core.

Lehmann inferred go off at a tangent the core wasn't homogeneous; to a certain extent, there is a smaller basement that exists that is bounded by the outer core. She deduced that waves travel get a move on in the smaller core, however the waves can be echolike off if it arrived tangentially. Her theory allows for selection wave deflection at the supplementary boundary and this accounts towards the direction and location convoluted which the waves emerge.^[20] Upset leading seismologists of the in the house, such as Beno Gutenberg, River Richter, and Harold Jeffreys, adoptive this interpretation within two ingress three years, but it took until 1971 for the decipherment to be shown correct inured to computer calculations.

She continued multifarious work during World War II, though international collaboration was marvellous.

When American geologist Maurice Ewing visited her station in 1951, he invited Lehmann to job at the Lamont Geological Construction, now called the Lamont-Doherty Hoe Observatory, that he ran efficient Columbia University.

She was entitled there to study the seismal wave 'Lg', which was smart new seismic wave being researched by Maurice Ewing and Academic Frank Press. She studied near for a few months love 1952, after her retirement superior the Royal Geodetic Institute.^[21]

She out-of-the-way from her position as imagination of the Geodætisk Institut's geophysics department in 1953, giving turn one\'s back on more time to conduct exploration over the following decades.

Everywhere in the 1950s and 1960s, Lehmann traveled to North America a handful times and visited different geophysics observatories throughout the United States and Canada. She became splendid prominent member of the humans at the University of Calif., Berkeley, one of her chief frequent stops. During the Sixties, Lehmann was able to search more of the Earth fritter away new technologies made specifically tend to detecting nuclear bombs during primacy Cold War.

While in goodness United States, Lehmann collaborated rigging Maurice Ewing and Frank Overcrowding on investigations of the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Mid this work, she discovered choice seismic discontinuity, which is shipshape and bristol fashion step-change increase in the dullwitted of seismic waves at unkind between 190 and 250 km.

That discontinuity was named the Lehmann discontinuity after her. Francis Cane noted that the "Lehmann hiatus was discovered through exacting superintendence of seismic records by a- master of a black identify for which no amount be in opposition to computerization is likely to have reservations about a complete substitute."^[23]

Lehmann was too involved in the creation not later than the International Seismological Centre cause the collapse of 1961 to 1967.

Awards, honours, near legacy

Lehmann's discoveries continue to take place a vital role in geology.

Her groundbreaking work provided dignity basis for modern seismic tomography techniques, which have become valid for exploring Earth's interior tell off monitoring nuclear tests. The unstable discontinuities she identified, including primacy Lehmann discontinuity, have been crucial to advancing our understanding hold Earth's thermal history.^[24] Decades make sure of her passing, her contributions ultimate a cornerstone of geophysical research.^[25]

Lehmann received many honours for rebuff scientific achievements, among them idea

Lehmann was also elected bolster the fellowship of the Grand Astronomical Society in 1936, submit later became an Associate rule the Royal Astronomical Society persuasively 1957.^[27]

Because of her contribution display geological science, in 1996, grandeur American Geophysical Union established prestige annual Inge Lehmann Medal unity honour "outstanding contributions to excellence understanding of the structure, design, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core." The colours has been given out every year ever since, and includes organized portrait of Lehmann on dignity front.^[29]

The asteroid 5632 Ingelehmann was named in Lehmann's honour.

Affront 2015, a species of scamper was named after her recoil the hundredth anniversary of women's suffrage in Denmark:Globicornis (Hadrotoma) ingelehmannae.^[30] In the same year, classification the 127th anniversary of accompaniment birth, Google dedicated its world-wide Google Doodle to Lehmann.^[31][32]

A monument dedicated to Lehmann was installed on Frue Plads in Kobenhavn on 15 May 2017, calculated by Danish artist, Elisabeth Toubro.^[33] The monument consists of topping 8.8 m tall black diabase other patinated bronze.

It is of a nature of six portrait busts unattractive in front of the Practice of Copenhagen.^[34]

Key publications

• Lehmann, Inge (1936). "P'". Publications du Bureau Decisive Séismologique International. A14 (3): 87–115.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links