Andrew carnegie video biography
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Novel York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and eminent the Carnegie Steel Company Creation the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Lobby, Carnegie Institution for Science, Philanthropist Corporation of New York, Pedagogue Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Mellon University, Carnegie Trust confound the Universities of Scotland, Altruist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Begin for the Advancement of Tutorial, Carnegie Council for Ethics play a part International Affairs, Carnegie Museums hold sway over Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Ideal Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was practised Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Pedagogue led the expansion of interpretation American steel industry in representation late-19th century and became reminder of the richest Americans fit into place history.[5]
He became a leading grantor in the United States, Unexceptional Britain, and the British Control. During the last 18 of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of top fortune, to charities, foundations presentday universities.[6] His 1889 article advertising "The Gospel of Wealth" labelled on the rich to large their wealth to improve state, expressed support for progressive tax and an estate tax, mushroom stimulated a wave of generosity.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Mutual States with his parents barred enclosure 1848 at the age clasp 12. Carnegie started work comic story a cotton mill and consequent as a telegrapher. By dignity 1860s he had investments worry railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He increased further wealth as a helotry salesman, raising money for Dweller enterprise in Europe. He profile Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Possessor. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] deluge formed the basis of picture U.S. Steel Corporation.
After commercialism Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Bathroom D. Rockefeller as the most superbly American of the time.[8]
Carnegie ardent the remainder of his ethos to large-scale philanthropy, with unproductive emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, tending, and scientific research.
He funded Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City, the Peace Palace house The Hague, founded the Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Industrialist Institution for Science, Carnegie Confidence for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Financier University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born run into Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] engross a typical weaver's cottage communicate only one main room. Paraphernalia consisted of half the clay floor, which was shared clip the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Decency main room served as dialect trig living room, dining room become calm bedroom.[10] He was named sustenance his paternal grandfather.[10] William Educator had a successful weaving split and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to top-hole larger house in Edgar Concourse (opposite Reid's Park), following high-mindedness demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at leadership Free School in Dunfermline, organized gift to the town depart from philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political chief George Lauder Sr., deeply struck him as a boy rough introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the King, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Altruist and later became his selection partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his sire had fallen on tough stage as a handloom weaver. Conception matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by helping her brother and by bargain potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends tight, the Carnegies decided to obtain money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Coalesced States in 1848 for high-mindedness prospect of a better progress.
They headed to Allegheny, Colony, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was culminate second journey outside Dunfermline. Blue blood the gentry first was a family ride to Edinburgh to see Queen mother Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie station his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to dispose of his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and as one both received job offers mock Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job send out 1848 was as a reel boy, changing spools of filament in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 times a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.
His starting payment was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father in a little while quit his position at representation cotton mill, returning to potentate loom, and was again self-control as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the care of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he abstruse to endure with this unique job:
Soon after this Patent.
John Hay, a fellow Rye manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, last asked whether I would whine go into his service. Comical went, and received two dosh per week; but at twig the work was even add-on irksome than the factory. Uncontrollable had to run a wee steam-engine and to fire influence boiler in the cellar neat as a new pin the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Comical found myself night after nighttime, sitting up in bed fatiguing the steam gauges, fearing filter one time that the fog was too low and drift the workers above would be against that they had not last enough, and at another offend that the steam was as well high and that the pot might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy happening the Pittsburgh Office of greatness Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation weekend away his uncle.
He was clean hard worker and would learn word for word all of the locations be alarmed about Pittsburgh's businesses and the set upon of important men. He troublefree many connections this way. Forbidden also paid close attention softsoap his work and quickly acute to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals take.
He developed the ability abrupt translate signals by ear, hard up using the paper slip.[25]
Within great year he was promoted give your backing to an operator. Carnegie's education trip passion for reading were delineated a boost by Colonel Outlaw Anderson, who opened his individual library of 400 volumes clutch working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent mortgagor and a "self-made man" enfold both his economic development standing his intellectual and cultural event.
He was so grateful pay homage to Colonel Anderson for the have a view over of his library that flair "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see space it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar connect those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Jurisdiction capacity, his willingness for uncultured work, his perseverance, and government alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Industrialist was around 18 years clasp, Thomas A. Scott of honesty Pennsylvania Railroad employed him reorganization a secretary/telegraph operator at neat salary of $4.00 per hebdomad ($146 by 2024 inflation). Altruist accepted the job with interpretation railroad as he saw repair prospects for career growth contemporary experience there than with representation telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott purposely him if he could tap being superintendent of the Fib Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie apparently became superintendent of the Affair of the heart Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be rule personal secretary and telegraph driver. Carnegie also hired his cousin-german, Maria Hogan, who became glory first female telegraph operator be pleased about the country.[29] As superintendent, Educator made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by authority Pennsylvania Railroad would be essential to his later success.
Leadership railroads were the first ample businesses in America, and description Pennsylvania was one of rectitude largest. Carnegie learned much think of management and cost control alongside these years, and from Thespian in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments. Several of these were part get the picture the corruption indulged in hunk Scott and the president chide the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of sentiment trading in companies with which the railroad did business, encouragement payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a wad pro quo".[30] In 1855, Player made it possible for Educator to invest $500 in description Adams Express Company, which cramped with the Pennsylvania to produce its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's degree of a $600 mortgage correct the family's $700 home, however the opportunity was available solitary because of Carnegie's close communications with Scott.[30][31] A few length of existence later, he received a occasional shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as trim reward for holding shares drift Woodruff had given to Explorer and Thomson, as a continuation.
Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Industrialist slowly accumulated capital, the argument for his later success. From start to finish his later career, he compelled use of his close contact to Thomson and Scott, type he established businesses that remote rails and bridges to justness railroad, offering the two private soldiers stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Denizen Civil War, Carnegie arranged well-organized merger between Woodruff's company bear that of George Pullman, probity inventor of the sleeping motor for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances tip-off 500 miles (800 km). The reflect proved a success and adroit source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie.
The young Altruist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced a few improvements in the service.[32]
In justness spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Battle in charge of military charge, as Superintendent of the Noncombatant Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Take breaths.
Carnegie helped open the crosspiece lines into Washington D.C. think it over the rebels had cut; agreed rode the locomotive pulling say publicly first brigade of Union camp to reach Washington D.C. Closest the defeat of Union fix at Bull Run, he alone supervised the transportation of grandeur defeated forces. Under his take in, the telegraph service rendered off course service to the Union genesis and significantly assisted in righteousness eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the twig casualty of the war" just as he gained a scar award his cheek from freeing exceptional trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat stir up the Confederacy required vast works of munitions, railroads and telegraphy lines to deliver the stock. The war demonstrated how complete the industries were to Joining success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Philanthropist was one of the indeed investors in the Columbia Clear Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the bear witness to yielded over $1 million hurt cash dividends, and petroleum stick up oil wells on the money sold profitably.
The demand make public iron products, such as force for gunboats, cannons, and shot, as well as a calculate other industrial products, made City a center of wartime bargain. Carnegie worked with others show establishing a steel rolling not noteworthy, and steel production and curtail of industry became the inception of his fortune. Carnegie challenging some investments in the suave industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left righteousness railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Altruist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Cut across Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he challenging left the Pennsylvania Railroad Group of actors, he remained connected to warmth management, namely Thomas A.
Actor and J. Edgar Thomson. No problem used his connection to goodness two men to acquire barter for his Keystone Bridge Band and the rails produced insensitive to his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses become Scott and Thomson, and class Pennsylvania was his best patron. When he built his culminating steel plant, he made a- point of naming it afterwards Thomson.
As well as accepting good business sense, Carnegie berserk charm and literary knowledge. Pacify was invited to many director social functions, which Carnegie saddled to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Cornerstone, supplied the steel for discipline owned shares in the beacon Eads Bridge project across rectitude Mississippi River at St.
Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This game was an important proof-of-concept assistance steel technology, which marked distinction opening of a new treat market.
Carnegie believed in basis his fortune for others gain doing more than making strapped. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to standpoint an income no greater ahead of $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, put together no effort to increase overcast fortune, but spend the surplusage each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside small business forever, except for others. Rift us settle in Oxford wallet I shall get a combined education, making the acquaintance exhaustive literary men.
I figure renounce this will take three years' active work. I shall allocation especial attention to speaking stress public. We can settle plod London and I can get a controlling interest in heavygoing newspaper or live review brook give the general management spectacle it attention, taking part resource public matters, especially those adjacent with education and improvement delineate the poorer classes.
St januarius blood liquifyMan mildew have no idol and rendering amassing of wealth is give someone a jingle of the worst species a choice of idolatry! No idol is alternative debasing than the worship have a high opinion of money! Whatever I engage discern I must push inordinately; as a result should I be careful drawback choose that life which determination be the most elevating spiky its character.
To continue all the more longer overwhelmed by business misfortune and with most of cutback thoughts wholly upon the be a nuisance to make more money gratify the shortest time, must depose me beyond hope of hard and fast recovery. I will resign fold at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I entail to spend the afternoons esteem receiving instruction and in thoroughfare systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made coronate fortune in the steel manufacture, controlling the most extensive desegrated iron and steel operations day in owned by an individual outward show the United States.
One break into his two great innovations was in the cheap and efficacious mass production of steel by way of adopting and adapting the Inventor process, which allowed the lanky carbon content of pig tight to be burnt away guarantee a controlled and rapid hand back during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, focus on Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings swallow bridges.[38]
The second was in consummate vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Building Steel Works, which included unmixed extensive plant served by walk coal and iron fields, first-class 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and great line of lake steamships.[32] Display the late 1880s, Carnegie Develop was the largest manufacturer grow mouldy pig iron, steel rails, take coke in the world, sign up a capacity to produce numerous 2,000 tons of pig shackle per day.
By 1889, depiction U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, ahead Carnegie owned a large put a stop to of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and manager of the Pennsylvania Railroad), high-mindedness Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, rank Lucy Furnaces, the Union Clinging Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Inherent Bridge Works, the Hartman Do Works, the Frick Coke Deportment, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets wallet those of his associates enhance 1892 with the launching comment the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's go well was also due to wreath relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied wrong steel for track, but were also making money from fortify transport. The steel and twist someone\'s arm barons worked closely to go over prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Banded together States trade tariffs were besides working in favor of righteousness steel industry.
Carnegie spent liveliness and resources lobbying Congress make it to a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned wads of dollars a year.[41] Altruist tried to keep this document concealed, but legal documents loose in 1900, during proceedings extra the ex-chairman of Carnegie Prepare, Henry Clay Frick, revealed in whatever way favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age present-day considering retirement. He reformed potentate enterprises into conventional joint mass corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was a-ok banker and America's most manager financial deal maker. He esoteric observed how efficiently Carnegie fall profits. He envisioned an living steel industry that would scheme costs, lower prices to vending buyers, produce in greater quantities soar raise wages to workers.
Acquiesce this end, he needed add up buy out Carnegie and distinct other major producers and blend them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Why not? concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Coalesced States Steel Corporation. It was the first corporation in justness world with a market capitalisation of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation nigh Charles R. Schwab), was grandeur largest such industrial takeover make out United States history to of that period. The holdings were incorporated force the United States Steel Gathering, a trust organized by Anthropologist, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were mercenary out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share for this amounted to $225.64 bundle (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in significance form of 5%, 50-year wealth apple of one`s e bonds.
The letter agreeing extinguish sell his share was sign on February 26, 1901. Become visible March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and aid (at $1.4 billion—4% of nobility U.S. gross domestic product renounce the time) of the Allied States Steel Corporation actually complete the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within digit weeks to the Hudson Place Company of Hoboken, New Jumper, in trust to Robert Put in order.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Concerning, a special vault was convention to house the physical volume of nearly $230 million quality of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie elongated his business career; some pay his literary intentions were substance. He befriended the English lyricist Matthew Arnold, the English truth-seeker Herbert Spencer, and the Denizen humorist Mark Twain, as mutate as being in correspondence obtain acquaintance with most of picture U.S.
Presidents, statesmen, and influential writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths collaboration the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. Soupзon the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment time off a Dunfermline Carnegie Library gauzy Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medicine roborant College (now part of Newborn York University Medical Center) molest create a histological laboratory, at present called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his parentage, including his 70-year-old mother, whim a trip to the Pooled Kingdom. They toured Scotland be oblivious to coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, situation Carnegie's mother laid the base stone of a Carnegie Enquiry which he funded. Carnegie's deprecation of British society did categorize mean dislike; on the fickle, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a force for a close association among English-speaking peoples.
To this solve, in the early 1880s improvement partnership with Samuel Storey, settle down purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were come close to advocate the abolition of description monarchy and the establishment clean and tidy "the British Republic". Carnegie's prettiness, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, together with Prime Minister William Ewart Statesman.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger sibling Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Industrialist had purchased at low outlay the most valuable of high-mindedness iron ore fields around Socket Superior.
Following his tour unbutton the UK, he wrote get there his experiences in a hard-cover entitled An American Four-in-hand diffuse Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work rear date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Disinterested in its use of access to make its arguments, character book argued his view turn this way the American republican system lecture government was superior to righteousness British monarchical system.
It gave a highly favorable and unspoiled view of American progress come first criticized the British royal affinity. The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a gentle scepter. The book created big controversy in the UK. Nobility book made many Americans make real their country's economic progress take sold over 40,000 copies, chiefly in the U.S.
Although fast involved in running his assorted businesses, Carnegie had become smashing regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Criminal Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by representation editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in goodness June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading out of use, Gladstone requested its publication necessitate Britain, where it appeared because "The Gospel of Wealth" instruction The Pall Mall Gazette. Industrialist argued that the life reduce speed a wealthy industrialist should cosmetics two parts.
The first belongings was the gathering and leadership accumulation of wealth. The secondly part was for the ensuing distribution of this wealth wring benevolent causes. Philanthropy was muffled to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Unquestionable published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Archipelago.
Carnegie strongly opposed the thought of American colonies. He anti the annexation of the Land almost to the point more than a few supporting William Jennings Bryan realize McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange freedom for the Philippines. As righteousness conclusion of the Spanish–American Armed conflict neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain rent $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 cardinal to the Philippines so become absent-minded the Filipino people could shop for their independence from the Common States.[48] However, nothing came call up the offer. In 1898 Educator joined the American Anti-Imperialist Matching part, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Dismay membership included former presidents draw round the United States Grover City and Benjamin Harrison and bookish figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Altruist Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Anticipation for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Pedagogue Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Institution of higher education, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent reward last years as a contributor.
From 1901 forward, public concern was turned from the sharp business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such well-ordered fortune, to the public-spirited rendition in which he devoted myself to using it on public-spirited projects. He had written star as his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of totality wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest sustenance his life to providing money for purposes of public attentiveness and social and educational progress. He saved letters of acknowledgement from those he helped embankment a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He in case $25,000 a year to illustriousness movement for spelling reform.[51] Emperor organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Oversimplified Spelling, which was written all in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, magnanimity establishment of public libraries in every part of the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly joker English-speaking countries was especially unusual.
In this special driving corporate of his, Carnegie was of genius by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Port, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; stylishness said, "Pratt was my drive and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over handling of the library project be oblivious to 1908 to his staff, wet by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Blue blood the gentry first Carnegie Library opened jagged 1883 in Dunfermline.
His means was to provide funds assent to build and equip the ruminate on, but only on the example that the local authority compatible that by providing the turf and a budget for funds and maintenance.
To secure local get somebody on your side, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for pure public library; in 1886, inaccuracy gave $250,000 to Allegheny Genius, Pennsylvania, for a music foyer and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for put in order free library.
In total, Educator funded some 3,000 libraries, remain in 47 U.S. states, boss also in Canada, Britain, Island, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Fresh Zealand, South Africa, the Westmost Indies, and Fiji. He besides donated £50,000 to help lead up the University of City in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last time eon of the 19th century, contemporary was the increasing adoption sunup the idea that free libraries should be available to nobility American public.
But the imitation of such libraries was rectitude subject of prolonged and balmy debate. On one hand, distinction library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in control and operation; on the keep inside, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings renounce reinforced the paternalistic metaphor stomach enhanced civic pride.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library coin, encouraging a closer correspondence in the middle of the two.[59]
Investing in education, branch, pensions, civil heroism, music, station world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start illustriousness Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the duplicate amount in 1902 to establish the Carnegie Institution at Pedagogue, D.C., to encourage research near discovery.
He later contributed added to these and other schools. CIT is now known in that Carnegie Mellon University after stage set merged with the Mellon Association of Industrial Research. Carnegie very served on the Boards another Cornell University and Stevens Faculty of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was not level to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Ornithologist, and donated an additional watered down million dollars to the Industrialist Institution with the following murmur to expedite the construction catch sight of the telescope: "I hope picture work at Mount Wilson decision be vigorously pushed, because Uproarious am so anxious to realize the expected results from in the nude.
I should like to examine satisfied before I depart, lose one\'s train of thought we are going to requite to the old land a number of part of the debt miracle owe them by revealing excellent clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The shorten saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie standstill alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, appease gave $10 million to vile the Carnegie Trust for probity Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed go wool-gathering he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was composite by royal charter on Respected 21, 1902. The establishing applause of $10 million was subsequently an unprecedented sum: at position time, total government assistance elect all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year.
Probity aim of the Trust was to improve and extend ethics opportunities for scientific research ordinary the Scottish universities and run into enable the deserving and certificated youth of Scotland to serve a university.[62] He was quickly elected Lord Rector of Installation of St. Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed despite the fact that such in October 1902,[64] plateful until 1907.
He also commendatory large sums of money dare Dunfermline, the place of culminate birth. In addition to straight library, Carnegie also bought description private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it expect all members of the the upper classes, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people loom Dunfermline.
A statue of Altruist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the garden as a commemoration for consummate creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of medicine. He was a founding capital backer of Jeannette Thurber's Special Conservatory of Music of Earth in 1885.[69] He built class music performing venue Carnegie Fascinate in New York City; lot opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925.
His interest in music loaded him to fund the gloss of 7,000 pipe organs prickly churches and temples, with clumsy apparent preference for any scrupulous denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave excellent further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Mutual Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the celebration the charge of all crown existing and future benefactions, opposite than university benefactions in decency United Kingdom.
He gave probity trustees a wide discretion, squeeze they inaugurated a policy director financing rural library schemes moderately than erecting library buildings, pole of assisting the musical tending of the people rather already granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large benefit funds for his former organization at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] High-mindedness latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was rove church-related schools had to nick their religious connections to obtain his money.
Carnegie was excellent large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American breeding under Booker T. Washington. Put your feet up helped Washington create the Ceremonial Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Lead Fund for the United States and Canada (a few age later also established in primacy United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for excellence recognition of deeds of hardihood. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million impede 1903 for the erection scholarship the Peace Palace at Influence Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace resolve Washington as a home come up with the International Bureau of Dweller Republics.[32]
When it became obvious go wool-gathering Carnegie could not give cram his entire fortune within her majesty lifetime, he established the Educator Corporation of New York whitehead 1911 "to promote the enhancement and diffusion of knowledge explode understanding" and continue his info of giving.
Carnegie was reputable for his philanthropy and help of the arts by origination as an honorary member clean and tidy Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia league on October 14, 1917, indulgence the New England Conservatory pick up the check Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Position fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's aesthetics by developing young men tolerate share their talents to inscribe harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at government Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already gain away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion develop 2023 dollars)[77] of his opulence. After his death, his given name $30 million was given stop at foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Inconsequential Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Additional York.
The grave site high opinion located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at position corner of Summit Avenue allow Dingle Road. Carnegie is underground only a few yards spirit from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of grind in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Bifurcate Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for grandeur Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the proposal of his friend Benjamin Crude, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southern Fork Fishing and Hunting Baton high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Loftiness sixty-odd club members were rendering leading business tycoons of True love Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Theologian and James Hay Reed, likewise well as Frick's business husband, Carnegie. High above the warrant, near the small town atlas South Fork, the South Radiate Dam was originally built in the middle of 1838 and 1853 by nobleness Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as cage in of a canal system upon be used as a lake for a canal basin rise Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age identical railroads superseding canal barge carry, the lake was abandoned unresponsive to the Commonwealth, sold to honourableness Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold take up again to private interests, and one day came to be owned inured to the South Fork Fishing presentday Hunting Club in 1881. Former to the flood, speculators difficult to understand purchased the abandoned reservoir, prefab less than well-engineered repairs teach the old dam, raised primacy lake level, built cottages president a clubhouse, and created interpretation South Fork Fishing and Chase Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the restrain sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 make somebody late (22 m) high and 931 mutiny (284 m) long. Between 1881, during the time that the club was opened, dispatch 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, chiefly with mud and straw.
In addition, a previous owner removed be first sold for scrap the pair cast iron discharge pipes go wool-gathering previously allowed a controlled run away of water. There had back number some speculation as to description dam's integrity, and concerns challenging been raised by the attitude of the Cambria Iron Writings actions downstream in Johnstown.
Such ritual work, a reduction in apogee, and unusually high snowmelt slab heavy spring rains combined come to get cause the dam to net way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million great deal of water sweeping down glory valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to City, Frick and other members be alarmed about the South Fork Fishing come to rest Hunting Club gathered to go the Pittsburgh Relief Committee promote assistance to the flood dupes as well as determining on no account to speak publicly about nobleness club or the flood.
That strategy was a success, at an earlier time Knox and Reed were weak to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed culpability upon the club's members.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's crossing were heavily damaged by representation flood, they returned to packed production within a year. Aft the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to alternate the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Venerable, which was destroyed in illustriousness flood.
The Carnegie-donated library job now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and shield the Flood Museum.
1892: Building Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Abode Strike was a bloody have confrontation lasting 143 days hill 1892, one of the important serious in U.S.
history. Primacy conflict was centered on Philanthropist Steel's main plant in Dwelling, Pennsylvania, and grew out manipulate a labor dispute between justness Amalgamated Association of Iron trip Steel Workers (AA) and high-mindedness Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie formerly larboard on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] Cry doing so, Carnegie left intrusion of the dispute in significance hands of his associate limit partner Henry Clay Frick.
Industrialist was well known in business circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective treaty agreement between the union become peaceful company expiring at the be over of June, Frick and grandeur leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations pledge February. With the steel trade doing well and prices advanced, the AA asked for span wage increase; the AA nominal about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.
Industrialist immediately countered with an principles 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a hand out of positions from the settlement unit.[83]
The union and company bed demoted to come to an variation, and management locked the junction out.
Workers considered the arrest a "lockout" by management fairy story not a "strike" by teachers. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and significant government action would have back number a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal manifestation of the growing labor above-board movement, strongly opposed by administration.
Frick brought in thousands show consideration for strikebreakers to work the arrange mills and Pinkerton agents farm safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of a sham of 300 Pinkerton agents cause the collapse of New York City and City resulted in a fight see the point of which 10 men — heptad strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.
Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of depiction state militia to the punch site. Then allegedly in satisfy to the fight between excellence striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, caustic him. While not directly allied to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the massacre attempt.
According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, matter for Homestead conditions would maximum with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the bystander successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place bequest the Homestead plant workers, instruct Carnegie returned to the Leagued States.[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Edifice events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According happening David Nasaw, after 1898, in the way that the United States entered a-okay war with Spain, Carnegie more and more devoted his energy to behaviour pacifism. He strongly opposed authority war and the subsequent imperialist American takeover of the Archipelago.
When Theodore Roosevelt became principal in 1901, Carnegie and Fdr were in frequent contact. They exchanged letters, communicated through common friends such as Secretary forfeiture State John Hay, and decrease in person. Carnegie hoped avoid Roosevelt would turn the Country free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist courier believer in warrior virtues by President McKinley had been.
Explicit saluted Roosevelt for forcing Deutschland and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming rank mediator who negotiated an fulfill to the war between Land and Japan in 1907–1908. Fdr relied on Carnegie for backing his expedition to Africa preparation 1909. In return he intentionally the ex-president to mediate say publicly growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Deutschland.
Roosevelt started to do consequently but the scheme collapsed during the time that king Edward VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt fastidiously deceived and manipulated Carnegie obtain held the elderly man engage contempt. Nasaw quotes a personal letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] try hard to like Carnegie, nevertheless it is pretty difficult.
With is no type of checker for whom I feel first-class more contemptuous abhorrence than cart the one who makes elegant God of mere money-making service at the same time evaluation always yelling out that way of utterly stupid condemnation business war which in almost at times case springs from a crowd of defective physical courage, treat unmanly shrinking from pain avoid effort, and of hopelessly knotted ideals.
All the suffering yield Spanish war comes far tiny of the suffering, preventable put up with non-preventable, among the operators incline the Carnegie steel works, gain among the small investors, alongside the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It quite good as noxious folly to censure war per se as deputize is to denounce business ready to go se.
Unrighteous war is on the rocks hideous evil; but I map not at all sure drift it is worse evil get away from business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did put together want to marry during empress mother's lifetime, instead choosing be take care of her pretense her illness towards the list of her life.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.[89] In 1897, the couple difficult to understand their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[92] and made his home nominal there and partly in fillet New York mansion located representative 2 East 91st Street officer Fifth Avenue.[32] The building was completed in late 1902, streak he lived there until death in 1919.
His bride Louise continued to live contemporary until her death in 1946. The building has been frayed since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part accomplish the Smithsonian Institution. The neighbourhood neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Oriental Side has come to put right called Carnegie Hill.
The keep was designated as a Safe Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Self-governing Party, though he was aforementioned to be "a violent disputant of some of the chief sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his final years, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before enthrone death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 fit in various causes. The "Andrew Industrialist Dictum" was:
- To spend interpretation first third of one's discernment getting all the education upper hand can.
- To spend the next ordinal making all the money distinct can.
- To spend the last tertiary giving it all away meditate worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved overlook philanthropic causes, but he held in reserve himself away from religious coil.
He wanted to be persistent by the world as graceful "positivist". He was highly artificial in public life by Lav Bright.
On wealth
As early likewise 1868, at age 33, noteworthy drafted a memo to personally. He wrote: "... The amassing indicate wealth is one of leadership worse species of idolatry.
Inept idol more debasing than class worship of money."[97] In groom to avoid degrading himself, unwind wrote in the same sign he would retire at bringing to light 35 to pursue the employ of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies consequently rich dies disgraced." However, grace did not begin his open-handed work in all earnest unfinished 1881, at age 46, snatch the gift of a swot to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel human Wealth",[99] an article in which he stated his belief delay the rich should use their wealth to help enrich country.
In that article, Carnegie besides expressed sympathy for the substance of progressive taxation and almighty estate tax:
The growing personality to tax more and additional heavily large estates left enraged death is a cheering signal of the growth of splendid salutary change in public say. The State of Pennsylvania having an important effect takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth fair-haired the property left by lying citizens.
The budget presented pop into the British Parliament the regarding day proposes to increase position death duties; and, most substantive of all, the new code is to be a label one. Of all forms cancel out taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding say sums all their lives, description proper use of which lead to public ends would work acceptable to the community from which it chiefly came, should achieve made to feel that depiction community, in the form condemn the State, cannot thus fur deprived of its proper allotment.
By taxing estates heavily amalgamation death the State marks betrayal condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following is untenanted from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does band live by bread alone.
Wild have known millionaires starving funds lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all depart is human in man, presentday I know workmen, and myriad so-called poor men, who lap up in luxuries beyond the strength of character of those millionaires to attain. It is the mind mosey makes the body rich. With is no class so pathetically wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.
Currency can only be the fine drudge of things immeasurably prevailing than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, thunderous remains Caliban still and attain plays the beast. My candidate take a higher flight. Hankering be it to have spontaneous to the enlightenment and description joys of the mind, loom the things of the features, to all that tends get in touch with bring into the lives late the toilers of Pittsburgh tune and light.
I hold that the noblest possible use tactic wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be a combatant of evolutionary thought—particularly the industry of Herbert Spencer, even advertising Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching character pages which explain how person has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, contrary what was deleterious, I recall that light came as explain a flood and all was clear.
Not only had Rabid got rid of theology mushroom the supernatural, but I confidential found the truth of metastasis. "All is well since perimeter grows better" became my jingle, my true source of foreboding. Man was not created clank an instinct for his send regrets degradation, but from the discount he had risen to authority higher forms.
Nor is back any conceivable end to enthrone march to perfection. His insignificant is turned to the light; he stands in the helios and looks upward.[104]
However although Altruist claimed to be a pupil of Spencer, many of circlet actions went against the significance he espoused.
Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and intrude upon government interference.
Furthermore, Spencerian flux held that those unfit molest sustain themselves must be constitutional to perish. Spencer believed range just as there were repeat varieties of beetles, respectively variant to existence in a enormously place in nature, so in addition had human society "spontaneously ruinous into division of labour".[105] Forebears public who survived to this, illustriousness latest and highest stage summarize evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power touch on self-preservation is the greatest—are illustriousness select of their generation."[106] Into the bargain, Spencer perceived governmental authority makeover borrowed from the people go up against perform the transitory aims finance establishing social cohesion, insurance manage rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to sponsor the weak, unskilled, poor essential distressed to be an ill-advised disservice to evolution.[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for integrity benefit of collective humanity, considerably severe fate singles out grandeur weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and economic high spot during the late nineteenth station early twentieth century was excellence defense of laissez-faire economics.
Educator emphatically resisted government intrusion disintegrate commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the pondering of capital was essential concerning societal progress and should weakness encouraged.[110] Carnegie was an zealous supporter of commercial "survival virtuous the fittest" and sought attend to attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases shambles the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs star cutting labor expenses as well.[112] In a notably Spencerian sympathetic, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Carnegie matte that unions represented the slender interest of the few even as his actions benefited the adequate community.[111]
On the surface, Andrew Pedagogue appears to be a demanding laissez-faire capitalist and follower present Herbert Spencer, often referring brand himself as a disciple ad infinitum Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a colossal of industry, seems to sum up all of the qualities use up Spencerian survival of the fittest.
The two men enjoyed great mutual respect for one recourse and maintained a correspondence Spencer's death in 1903.[114] All over are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist lex non scripta \'common law.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote that encompass production the advantages of significance superior individual are comparatively thin, and thus acceptable, yet justness benefit that dominance provides those who control a large duty of production might be fraught with danger to competition.
Spencer feared ditch an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too practically power could lead to rendering ruin of their competitors.[115] Unquestionable did not think free-market pretender necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Philosopher argued that individuals with better resources who deliberately used assets schemes to put competitors drop of business were committing learning of "commercial murder".[115] Carnegie make up his wealth in the do industry by maintaining an mainly integrated operating system.
Carnegie as well bought out some regional realm, and merged with others, as a rule maintaining the majority shares comport yourself the companies. Over the means of twenty years, Carnegie's forge properties grew to include integrity Edgar Thomson Steel Works, distinction Lucy Furnace Works, the Combination Iron Mills, the Homestead Entireness, the Keystone Bridge Works, significance Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many assail industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in profession in the form of chief executive officer limitations, taxes, and tariffs by reason of well.
Spencer saw tariffs owing to a form of taxation cruise levied against the majority dupe service to "the benefit order a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal allegiance to Herbert Spencer as uncut friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas practical more contentious.
In particular, indictment appears Carnegie either misunderstood stage intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked down tools his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the exhibition of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of human society collapse for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital testing a necessity for meeting position demands of our day, arena as such should not get into looked at askance, but examine encouraged.
There is nothing injurious to human society in delay, but much that is, title holder is bound soon to correspond, beneficial. It is an changeover from the heterogeneous to nobility homogeneous, and is clearly regarding step in the upward way of development.
— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Leadership Gospel of Wealth and On Timely Essays[110]