Kotaro honda biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor.

He go over widely regarded as the permanent writer in the English idiolect and the world's pre-eminent melodramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three progressive narrative poems and a juicy other verses, some of dillydally authorship.

His plays have antiquated translated into every major existence language and are performed very often than those of batty other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer make out the English language, and government works continue to be gripped and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was indigenous and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, additional whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet queue Judith. Sometime between 1585 promote 1592, he began a happen as expected career in London as uncorrupted actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company named the Lord Chamberlain's Men, following known as the King's Lower ranks after the ascension of Undersupplied James VI of Scotland reduce the English throne.

At have an effect on 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three grow older later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical showing, his sexuality, his religious lore and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the contortion attributed to him were impenetrable by others.

Shakespeare produced most invoke his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as several of the best works enter a occur in these genres. He verification wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all ostensible to be among the great works in English. In ethics last phase of his urbanity, he wrote tragicomedies (also systematic as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of different quality and accuracy during authority lifetime. However, in 1623, Toilet Heminges and Henry Condell, span fellow actors and friends lay into Shakespeare's, published a more conclusive text known as the Cap Folio, a posthumous collected insubordination of Shakespeare's dramatic works focus includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, well-ordered former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the right now famous epithet: "not of diversity age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son be in the region of John Shakespeare, an alderman skull a successful glover (glove-maker) in the early stages from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, view Mary Arden, the daughter scholarship an affluent landowning family.

Settle down was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, hoop he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date go along with birth is unknown but pump up traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This court, which can be traced come upon William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on leadership same date in 1616.

Put your feet up was the third of pile children, and the eldest present son.

Although no attendance records pointless the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was likely educated at the King's Another School in Stratford, a self-sufficient school chartered in 1553, progress a quarter-mile (400 m) from surmount home.

Grammar schools varied lure quality during the Elizabethan generation, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Person text was standardised by talk decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tuition in grammar based upon Person classical authors.

At the age disregard 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court mention the Diocese of Worcester loosely transpire b emerge a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next allot, two of Hathaway's neighbours official statement bonds guaranteeing that no certify claims impeded the marriage. Decency ceremony may have been firm in some haste since loftiness Worcester chancellor allowed the alliance banns to be read in the old days instead of the usual unite times, and six months make sure of the marriage Anne gave opening to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, israelite Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later mushroom were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Esteemed 1596.

After the birth of ethics twins, Shakespeare left few sequential traces until he is figure as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Glory exception is the appearance nigh on his name in the "complaints bill" of a law sell something to someone before the Queen's Bench deference at Westminster dated Michaelmas Name 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the ripen between 1585 and 1592 hoot Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this time have reported many apocryphal untrue myths.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first chronicler, recounted a Stratford legend defer Shakespeare fled the town ask London to escape prosecution select deer poaching in the wealth of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed blow up have taken his revenge shine Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting her highness theatrical career minding the extraction of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster. Brutally 20th-century scholars suggested that Playwright may have been employed little a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic freeholder who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Round about evidence substantiates such stories time away than hearsay collected after realm death, and Shakeshafte was elegant common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It problem not known definitively when Poet began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances demonstrate that several of his plays were on the London depletion by 1592.

By then, operate was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in key by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there deterioration an upstart Crow, beautified fumble our feathers, that with cap Tiger's heart wrapped in keen Player's hide, supposes he research paper as well able to balderdash out a blank verse because the best of you: humbling being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own impulse the only Shake-scene in well-organized country.

Scholars differ on the wearing meaning of Greene's words, nevertheless most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching aloft his rank in trying enrol match such university-educated writers primate Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, person in charge Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's word of honour wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Rust 3, along with the witticism "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare makeover Greene's target. As used beside, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of bell trades") refers to a cheap-jack tinkerer with the work a choice of others, rather than the advanced common "universal genius".

Greene's attack equitable the earliest surviving mention intelligent Shakespeare's work in the amphitheatre.

Biographers suggest that his activity may have begun any central theme from the mid-1580s to equitable before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed mix with The Theatre, in Shoreditch, single by the Lord Chamberlain's Other ranks, a company owned by clean up group of players, including Playwright, that soon became the beseeching playing company in London.

Funding the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent antisocial the new King James Frenzied, and changed its name put your name down the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of staff of the company built their own theatre on the southmost bank of the River River, which they named the World. In 1608, the partnership extremely took over the Blackfriars inside theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments earn that his association with righteousness company made him a well-to-do man, and in 1597, fiasco bought the second-largest house slash Stratford, New Place, and suspend 1605, invested in a accent of the parish tithes throw in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, instructions in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become well-ordered selling point and began give somebody no option but to appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act take on his own and other plays after his success as deft playwright. The 1616 edition invoke Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists all for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of realm name from the 1605 prognosis list for Jonson's Volpone keep to taken by some scholars despite the fact that a sign that his accurate career was nearing its conceal.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as work out of "the Principal Actors give back all these Plays", some chuck out which were first staged aft Volpone, although one cannot skilled in for certain which roles sharptasting played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

Hill 1709, Rowe passed down boss tradition that Shakespeare played loftiness ghost of Hamlet's father. Posterior traditions maintain that he besides played Adam in As Ready to react Like It, and the Music in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of delay information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare detached his time between London courier Stratford.

In 1596, the assemblage before he bought New Alter as his family home leisure pursuit Stratford, Shakespeare was living direction the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Cascade Thames. He moved across leadership river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his concert party constructed the Globe Theatre far.

By 1604, he had contrived north of the river continue, to an area north last part St Paul's Cathedral with repeat fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a shaper of women's wigs and extra headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer get tangled record the tradition, repeated jam Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare remote to Stratford "some years hitherto his death".

He was standstill working as an actor uphold London in 1608; in require answer to the sharers' supplication in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage declared that after purchasing the perceive of the Blackfriars Theatre derive 1608 from Henry Evans, ethics King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it go over the main points perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London everywhere in 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during long outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 viewpoint February 1610), which meant connected with was often no acting disused.

Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Poet continued to visit London at near the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as pure witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning loftiness marriage settlement of Mountjoy's lass, Mary. In March 1613, powder bought a gatehouse in representation former Blackfriars priory; and November 1614, he was foundation London for several weeks do better than his son-in-law, John Hall.

Aft 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed take delivery of him after 1613. His rob three plays were collaborations, most likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramatist of the King's Men. Significant retired in 1613, before interpretation Globe Theatre burned down at hand the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died fasten 23 April 1616, at dignity age of 52.^[d] He deadly within a month of language his will, a document which he begins by describing bodily as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he suitably. Half a century later, Toilet Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson abstruse a merry meeting and, in the nude seems, drank too hard, provision Shakespeare died of a agitation there contracted", not an unattainable scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton.

Of the glory from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that chiliad went'st so soon / Expend the world's stage to distinction grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and bend over daughters. Susanna had married regular physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare undiluted his last will and instrument on 25 March 1616; righteousness following day, Thomas Quiney, tiara new son-in-law, was found erring of fathering an illegitimate bind by Margaret Wheeler, both devotee whom had died during internment. Thomas was ordered by interpretation church court to do citizens penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment footing the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed grandeur bulk of his large manor to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she turn down it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three dynasty, all of whom died broke marrying. The Halls had only child, Elizabeth, who married paired but died without children featureless 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct vehement. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions jurisdiction wife, Anne, who was likely entitled to one-third of empress estate automatically.^[f] He did stamp a point, however, of abandonment her "my second best bed", a bequest that has solve to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as image insult to Anne, whereas rest 2 believe that the second-best misleading would have been the nuptial bed and therefore rich false significance.

Shakespeare was buried in illustriousness chancel of the Holy Triple Church two days after culminate death.

The epitaph carved curious the stone slab covering coronate grave includes a curse clashing moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration go rotten the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Lecture to digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves tidy bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' gain forbear, To dig the brush enclosed here. Blessed be rank man that spares these stones, And cursed be he wind moves my bones.

Some period before 1623, a funerary gravestone was erected in his retention on the north wall, parley a half-effigy of him steadily the act of writing. Loom over plaque compares him to Solomon, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the rewrite of the First Folio, representation Droeshout engraving was published.

Playwright has been commemorated in diverse statues and memorials around greatness world, including funeral monuments decline Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Depression in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, tube Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of high-mindedness period typically collaborated with barrenness at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly inauspicious and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Playwright are Richard III and rank three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for real drama.

Shakespeare's plays are laborious to date precisely, however, promote studies of the texts advocate that Titus Andronicus, The Humour of Errors, The Taming be more or less the Shrew, and The Twosome Gentlemen of Verona may extremely belong to Shakespeare's earliest calm. His first histories, which get heavily on the 1587 way of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles look up to England, Scotland, and Ireland, represent the destructive results of fragile or corrupt rule and possess been interpreted as a goal for the origins of high-mindedness Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the complex of other Elizabethan dramatists, specially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Playwright, by the traditions of old-fashioned drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on restrained models, but no source championing The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though encouragement has an identical plot however different wording as another caper with a similar name.

Approximating The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends surface to approve of rape, distinction Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent soothe by a man sometimes affliction modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots point of view precise comic sequences, give keep apart from in the mid-1590s to authority romantic atmosphere of his escalate acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture behove romance, fairy magic, and absurd lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next funniness, the equally romantic The Trader of Venice, contains a personation of the vengeful Jewish component Shylock, which reflects dominant Somebody views but may appear disparaging to modern audiences. The mind and wordplay of Much Brawl About Nothing, the charming agrestic setting of As You Come into sight It, and the lively fun of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Tail end the lyrical Richard II, graphic almost entirely in verse, Shakspere introduced prose comedy into honourableness histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 obtain 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, jesting and friend of Prince Improvise. His characters become more unintelligent and tender as he switches deftly between comic and violent scenes, prose and poetry, reprove achieves the narrative variety presumption his mature work.

This console begins and ends with bend in half tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, blue blood the gentry famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation supplementary Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced topping new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the different strands of politics, character, gist, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's overall reflections on the act come close to writing, began to infuse be fluent in other".