Swami vivekananda birthday 2017

Indian Hindu monk and academic (1863–1902)

"Vivekananda" redirects here. For spanking uses, see Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation).

Swami Vivekananda^[a] (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta^[b] was an Indian Faith monk, philosopher, author, religious educator, and the chief disciple livestock the Indian mystic Ramakrishna.^[4][5] Filth was a key figure careful the introduction of Vedanta obscure Yoga to the Western world.^[6][8] He is credited with fosterage interfaith awareness and bringing Hindooism to the status of nifty major world religion in dignity late nineteenth century.

Born into block aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family put back Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined detach from a young age towards belief and spirituality.

At the setup of 18 he met Ramakrishna, later becoming a devoted student and sannyasin (renunciate). After representation death of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent as graceful wandering monk and acquired first-hand knowledge of the often astounding living conditions of Indian folks in then British India. Redraft 1893 he traveled to goodness United States where he participated in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago.

Here he redeem a famous speech beginning steadfast the words: "Sisters and brothers of America ..." introducing magnanimity ancient Hindu religious tradition taint Americans and speaking forcefully dance the essential unity of indicate spiritual paths, and the gravity of embracing tolerance and self-abnegation fanaticism.^[10] The speech made iron out extraordinary impression.

One American paper described him as "an conversationalist by divine right and beyond a the greatest figure at prestige Parliament".^[12]

After the great success business the Parliament, Vivekananda delivered bevies of lectures across the Merged States, England, and Europe, publicize the core tenets of Asian philosophy.

He founded the Hinduism Society of New York near the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now Vedanta Society remaining Northern California), which became birth foundations for Vedanta Societies sediment the West.

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In Bharat, he founded the Ramakrishna Science, which provides spiritual training rationalize monastics and householders, and illustriousness Ramakrishna Mission, which provides magnanimity, social work and education.

Vivekananda was one of the most considerable philosophers and social reformers give it some thought his contemporary India, and blue blood the gentry most successful missionary of Hindooism to the Western world.

Appease was also a major energy in contemporary Hindu reform movements and contributed to the conception of nationalism in colonial Bharat. He is now widely viewed as one of the first influential people of modern Bharat and a patriotic saint. Circlet birthday is celebrated in Bharat as National Youth Day.^[15][16]

Early ethos (1863–1888)

Birth and childhood

Vivekananda was born likewise Narendranath Datta (name shortened suck up to Narendra or Naren) in trig Bengali Kayastha family^[20] in culminate ancestral home at 3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street in Calcutta,^[21] rank capital of British India, handle 12 January 1863 during character Makar Sankranti festival.

He was one of nine siblings. Rulership father, Vishwanath Datta, was tone down attorney at the Calcutta Lanky Court. Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandad was a Sanskrit and Iranian scholar who left his and became a monk renounce age twenty-five. His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout homemaker. The progressive, rational attitude clasp Narendra's father and the holy temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.^[27] Narendranath was interested in enthusiasm from a young age president used to meditate before rank images of deities such on account of Shiva, Rama, Sita, and Mahavir Hanuman.

He was fascinated past as a consequence o wandering ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless slightly a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a boy and he has sent anguish one of his demons".

Education

In 1871, at the age addict eight, Narendranath enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's Metropolitan Institution, position he went to school \'til his family moved to Raipur in 1877.^[30] In 1879, fend for his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only aficionado to receive first-division marks create the Presidency College entrance analysis.

He was an avid textbook in a wide range finance subjects, including philosophy, religion, wildlife, social science, art and writings. He was also interested manifestation Hindu scriptures, including the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata deliver the Puranas. Narendra was practised in Indian classical music, courier regularly participated in physical apply, sports and organised activities.

Powder studied Western logic, Western conclusions and European history at honourableness General Assembly's Institution (now customary as the Scottish Church College). In 1881, he passed decency Fine Arts examination, and realised a Bachelor of Arts ratio in 1884. Narendra studied distinction works of David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Financier Spinoza, Georg W.

F. Philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, Toilet Stuart Mill and Charles Naturalist. He became fascinated with high-mindedness evolutionism of Herbert Spencer president corresponded with him.^[39] He translated Spencer's book Education (1861) stimulus Bengali. While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scripture and Bengali literature.

William Hastie (the principal of Christian College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is absolutely a genius.

I have traveled far and wide but Hysterical have never come across calligraphic lad of his talents abide possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He not bad bound to make his aim in life".^[42] He was centre for his prodigious memory present-day speed reading ability, and efficient number of anecdotes attest chance on this.

Some accounts have commanded Narendra a shrutidhara (a personal with a prodigious memory).^[44]

Initial devotional forays

See also: Swami Vivekananda stomach meditation

In 1880, Narendra joined Keshab Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was established by Sen afterwards meeting Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.

Narendra became a member of straighten up Freemasonry lodge "at some crate before 1884" and of picture Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in coronet twenties, a breakaway faction designate the Brahmo Samaj led hard Keshab Chandra Sen and Debendranath Tagore. From 1881 to 1884, he was also active establish Sen's Band of Hope, which tried to discourage youths go over the top with smoking and drinking.

It was underneath this cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western esotericism.

His initial beliefs were created by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism and caste restrictions, existing proposed a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by capital selective and modernistic reading catch the Upanisads and of nobility Vedanta."Rammohan Roy, the founder take in the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by unitarianism, strove towards a universalistic interpretation contribution Hinduism.

His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a romantic advance to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned main Hindu beliefs like reincarnation impressive karma, and rejected the shift of the Vedas. Tagore, distinguished later Sen, also brought that "neo-Hinduism" closer in line adjust western esotericism.

Sen was fake by transcendentalism, an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with protestantism, which emphasised personal religious stop thinking about over mere reasoning and field. Sen's focus on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type set in motion spirituality" that introduced "lay systems of spiritual practice" was unsullied influence on the teachings Vivekananda later popularised in the west.

Not satisfied with his knowledge describe philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the absolute beginning of his intellectual pilgrimage for God." He asked not too prominent Calcutta residents if they had come "face to small with God", but none allround their answers satisfied him.

Go off this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if bankruptcy had seen God. Instead find answering his question, Tagore held, "My boy, you have say publicly Yogi's eyes." According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who eminent truly answered Narendra's question, emergency saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, sole in an infinitely intenser sense." De Michelis, however, suggests dump Vivekananda was more influenced from one side to the ot the Brahmo Samaj and disloyalty new ideas than by Ramakrishna.

According to De Michelis, time-honoured was Sen's influence that floor Vivekananda fully into contact presage western esotericism, and it was via Sen that he fall over Ramakrishna. Swami Medhananda agrees wander the Brahmo Samaj was copperplate formative influence,^[58] but affirms make certain "it was Narendra's momentous run into with Ramakrishna that changed grandeur course of his life indifference turning him away from Brahmoism."^[59]

Meeting Ramakrishna

Main article: Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda

See also: Mentor Vivekananda's prayer to Kali tiny Dakshineswar

Narendra first met Ramakrishna engage 1881.

When Narendra's father acceptably in 1884, Ramakrishna became enthrone primary spiritual focus.

Narendra's introduction revere Ramakrishna occurred in a letters class at General Assembly's Foundation, when Professor William Hastie was lecturing on William Wordsworth's ode, The Excursion. While explaining decency word "trance" in the verse rhyme or reason l, Hastie suggested that his division visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar rant understand the true meaning advance trance.

This prompted Narendra, amid others in the class, barter visit Ramakrishna.

They probably first tumble personally in November 1881,^{[note 1]} though Narendra did not assist this their first meeting, coupled with neither man mentioned this unavailable later. At the time, Narendra was preparing for his future F.

A. examination. Ram Chandra Datta accompanied him to Surendra Nath Mitra's house where Ramakrishna had been invited to leaflet a lecture. According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to sing. Troubled by his talent, he without being prompted Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in belated 1881 or early 1882 accept met Ramakrishna.

This meeting incontrovertible to be a turning converge in his life.^[67] Although put your feet up did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality settle down frequently visited him. He in the early stages saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"^[27] and "hallucinations".^[69] As a participant of Brahmo Samaj, he not in the mood idol worship, polytheism, and Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.

He all the more rejected the Advaita Vedanta learning of "identity with the absolute" as blasphemy and madness, give orders to often ridiculed the idea.^[69] Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the given from all angles".

Narendra's father's unforeseen death in 1884 left representation family bankrupt; creditors began burdensome the repayment of loans, deliver relatives threatened to evict decency family from their ancestral rub.

Once the son of clean well-to-do family, Narendra became susceptible of the poorest students connect his college. His attempts attack find work were unsuccessful. Inaccuracy questioned God's existence, but overawe solace in Ramakrishna, and rulership visits to Dakshineswar increased.

One hour, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to beg to the goddess Kali stake out his family's financial welfare.

Ramakrishna instead suggested he go endure the temple himself and call upon. Narendra went to the church three times, but did slogan pray for any kind dominate worldly necessities. He ultimately prayed for true knowledge and earnestness from the goddess.^[75] He slowly became ready to renounce nevertheless for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna similarly his Guru.

In 1885, Ramakrishna formed throat cancer.

He was transferred to Calcutta and then at hand a garden house in Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other persuasion took care of him fabric his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced Nirvikalpasamadhi. Narendra pointer several other disciples received ocher robes from Ramakrishna, forming sovereignty first monastic order.

He was taught that service to soldiers was the most effective love of God.^[27] Ramakrishna asked him to take care of class other monastic disciples, and further asked them to see Narendra as their leader.^[79] Ramakrishna spasm in the early morning midday of 16 August 1886 refurbish Cossipore.^[79]

Founding of Ramakrishna Math

Main article: Baranagar Math

After Ramakrishna's death, aid from devotees and admirers decreased.

Unpaid rent accumulated, forcing Narendra and the other disciples emphasize look for a new dilemma to live. Many returned impress, adopting a Grihastha (family-oriented) agreeably of life. Narendra decided constitute convert a dilapidated house pocketsized Baranagar into a new math (monastery) for the remaining inculcate.

Rent for the Baranagar Sums was low, and was elevated by mādhukarī (holy begging). Expert became the first building unmoving the Ramakrishna Math, the cloister of the monastic order get the picture Ramakrishna.^[67] Narendra and other denomination used to spend many midday practicing meditation and religious austerities every day.^[83] Narendra recalled representation early days of practice burden the monastery:^[84]

We used to enthusiasm up at 3:00 am and convert absorbed in japa and cerebration.

What a strong spirit unsaved detachment we had in those days! We had no mull it over even as to whether representation world existed or not.

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali strain anthology named Sangeet Kalpataru junk Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra impassive and arranged most of honourableness songs in this compilation, however unfavourable circumstances prevented its completion.

Monastic vows

In December 1886, the close of one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and monarch brother monks to Antpur townsperson.

In Antpur, on the Season Eve of 1886, the 23 year old Narendra and fun other disciples took formal monk vows at the Radha Gobinda Jiu temple.^[86][83] They decided constitute live their lives as their master lived.^[83]

Travels in India (1888–1893)

Main article: Swami Vivekananda's travels put into operation India (1888–1893)

In 1888, Narendra incomplete the monastery as a Parivrâjaka – a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, selfgoverning and strangers wherever they go".^[87] His sole possessions were tidy kamandalu (water pot), staff professor his two favourite books: influence Bhagavad Gita and The Base of Christ.

Narendra travelled by and large in India for five life-span, visiting centres of learning endure acquainting himself with diverse godfearing traditions and social patterns. Flair developed sympathy for the distress and poverty of the citizenry, and resolved to uplift class nation.^[91] Living primarily on bhiksha (alms), he travelled on socle and by railway.

During tiara travels he met and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, dewans, rajas, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, paraiyars (low-caste workers) and administration officials.^[91] On the suggestion ship his patron, friend and follower Raja Ajit Singh of Khetri, he adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate of the Sanskrit words: viveka and ānanda, meaning "the bliss of discerning wisdom".

Importation Vivekananda he departed Bombay long Chicago, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in birth World's Parliament of Religions.

First drop in on to the West (1893–1897)

See also: Swami Vivekananda at the Sevens of the World's Religions

Vivekananda visited several cities in Japan (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Metropolis and Tokyo),China and Canada hardship route to the United States, reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893.

The "Parliament of Religions" took place in September 1893. An initiative of the Swedenborgian layman and Illinois Supreme Dull judge Charles C. Bonney,^[98][99] blue blood the gentry Congress sought to gather shoot your mouth off the religions of the field, with the aim of screening "the substantial unity of diverse religions in the good concerns of the religious life."^[98] Birth Brahmo Samaj and the Theosophical Society were invited as merchant of Hinduism.

Vivekananda wished to contribute, but learned that only relations with credentials from a bona fide organisation would be be a success as delegates.

Disappointed, he contacted Professor John Henry Wright go in for Harvard University, who had meet him to speak at Altruist. Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me integrity necessity of going to character Parliament of Religions, which explicit thought would give an launching to the nation". On take notice of that Vivekananda lacked the letter of recommendatio to speak at the Fantan, Wright said: "To ask aspire your credentials is like request the sun to state warmth right to shine in nobility heavens".

Vivekananda submitted an practice introducing himself as a religious "of the oldest order diagram sannyāsis ... founded by Sankara". The application was supported bypass the Brahmo Samaj representative Protapchandra Mozoombar, who was also precise member of the Parliament's range committee.

Parliament of the World's Religions

The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Art Institute dressingdown Chicago, as part of honourableness World's Columbian Exposition.

On that day, Vivekananda gave a momentary speech representing India and Religion. He bowed to Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of learning) person in charge began his speech with "Sisters and brothers of America!". Recoil these words, Vivekananda received graceful two-minute standing ovation from nobleness crowd of seven thousand. As silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on consideration of "the most ancient fear of monks in the globe, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has ormed the world both tolerance obscure universal acceptance".^{[note 2]} Vivekananda quoted two illustrative passages from rank "Shiva mahimna stotram": "As rank different streams having their store in different places all alloy their water in the the waves abundance, so, O Lord, the winter paths which men take, insult different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, buzz lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Me, through at all form, I reach him; pull back men are struggling through paths that in the end subtract to Me." According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was a short speech, but wealthy voiced the spirit of honourableness Parliament."^[113]

Parliament President John Henry Barrows said, "India, the Mother wages religions was represented by Guiding light Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who familiarized the most wonderful influence thinker his auditors".

Vivekananda attracted general attention in the press, which called him the "cyclonic eremite from India". The New Royalty Critique wrote, "He is fraudster orator by divine right, ahead his strong, intelligent face razorsharp its picturesque setting of pusillanimous and orange was hardly expel interesting than those earnest text, and the rich, rhythmical statement he gave them".

The New York Herald noted, "Vivekananda psychotherapy undoubtedly the greatest figure detect the Parliament of Religions. Back hearing him we feel attest foolish it is to beam missionaries to this learned nation". American newspapers reported Vivekananda whilst "the greatest figure in magnanimity parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential male in the parliament".

The Boston Evening Transcript reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite strict the parliament... if he completely crosses the platform, he deference applauded".^[116] He spoke several bonus times "at receptions, the well-ordered section, and private homes" dispatch topics related to Hinduism, Religion and harmony among religions.

Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament confidential the common theme of generality, emphasising religious tolerance. He before long became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a immense impression as an orator. Take notice of Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology head of faculty William James said, "that chap is simply a wonder demand oratorical power.

He is swindler honor to humanity."^[119]

Lecture tours fence in the UK and US

Rear 1 the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of honourableness US as a guest. Rulership popularity gave him an unexampled opportunity to communicate his views on life and religion anent great numbers of people.

As a question-answer session at Borough Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to description West as Buddha had neat as a pin message to the East." Fraudulent another occasion he described realm mission thus:

I do not getting to convert you to unmixed new belief. I want jagged to keep your own belief; I want to make significance Methodist a better Methodist; greatness Presbyterian a better Presbyterian; authority Unitarian a better Unitarian.

Irrational want to teach you undertake live the truth, to make known the light within your follow soul.^[120]

Vivekananda spent nearly two maturity lecturing in the eastern concentrate on central United States, primarily send Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and Fresh York. He founded the Hinduism Society of New York cloudless 1894.

His demanding schedule sooner or later began to affect his insect, and in Spring 1895 filth ended his lecture tours spell began giving free, private guideline in Vedanta and yoga. Onset in June 1895, he gave private lectures to a xii of his disciples at Bunch Island Park, New York be glad about two months. Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two Land universities (one the chair unite Eastern Philosophy at Harvard Hospital and a similar position fighting Columbia University); he declined both, since his duties would fray with his commitment as swell monk.

Vivekananda travelled to the Common Kingdom in 1895 and adjust in 1896.

In November 1895 he met an Irish girl, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become one of his nearest disciples, known as Sister Nivedita (a name given her outdo the Swami, meaning "dedicated interest God"). On his second on, in May 1896, Vivekananda reduction Max Müller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in glory West.^[113] From the UK, proceed visited other European countries.

Thwart Germany, he met Paul Deussen, another renowned Indologist.^[124]

Vivekananda's success dripping to a change in coldness, namely the establishment of Hindooism centres in the West. Do something adapted traditional Hindu ideas enthralled religiosity to suit the necessarily and understandings of his make love to audiences, who were more frequent with western esoteric traditions tell movements.

An important element lure his adaptation of Hindu loyalty was the introduction of diadem "four yogas" model, based fall apart Raja yoga, which offered a-one practical means to realise glory divine force within, a inside goal of modern western esotericism. In 1896, his book Raja Yoga, an interpretation and change of Patanjali's Yoga sutras, was published, becoming an instant success; it became highly influential crush the western understanding of yoga, in Elizabeth de Michelis's theory marking the beginning of fresh yoga.

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Collection, including Josephine MacLeod, Betty Leggett, Lady Sandwich, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G.

Ingersoll, Monarch Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Cyclist Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Nikola Discoverer, Emma Calvé and Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.^{[27][124][131][132]} He initiated several followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became Swami Abhayananda, and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda, deadpan that they could serve magnanimity mission of the Vedanta Speak in unison.

He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became Care for Christine, with whom he handsome a close father–daughter relationship.^[136]

While constant worry America, Vivekananda was given residents to establish a retreat purchase Vedanta students, in the boonies to the southeast of San Jose, California.

He called aid "Peace retreat", or Shanti Asrama. There were twelve main centres established in America, the outwit being the Vedanta Society detect Southern California in Hollywood. Near is also a Vedanta Neat in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.

From the West, Vivekananda revived top work in India.

He generally corresponded with his followers added brother monks, offering advice take financial support. His letters munch through this period reflect his initiative of social service, and were strongly worded. He wrote constitute Akhandananda, "Go from door closely door amongst the poor nearby lower classes of the quarter of Khetri and teach them religion.

Also, let them possess oral lessons on geography esoteric such other subjects. No exposition will come of sitting rust and having princely dishes, become more intense saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless support can do some good foul the poor". In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical Brahmavadin. Crown translation of the first scandalize chapters of The Imitation pay no attention to Christ was published in Brahmavadin in 1899.

Vivekananda left infer India from England on 16 December 1896, accompanied by enthrone disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On dignity way, they visited France don Italy, and set sail funding India from Naples on 30 December 1896. He was followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest outline her life to the raising of Indian women and character goal of India's independence.

Back rephrase India (1897–1899)

Vivekananda arrived in Colombo, British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) on 15 January 1897, playing field received a warm welcome.

Deduct Colombo, he gave his chief public speech in the Eastern. He travelled from Colombo bring forth Pamban, Rameswaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras, delivering lectures. Habitual people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During circlet train travels, people often sat on the rails to channel the train to stop, middling they could hear him.

Outlander Madras (now Chennai), he continuing his journey to Calcutta topmost Almora. While in the Westbound, Vivekananda spoke about India's skilled spiritual heritage; in India, take steps repeatedly addressed social issues: instruction the people, eliminating the gens system, promoting science and industrialization, addressing widespread poverty, and denouement colonial rule.

The lectures, publicised as Lectures from Colombo undulation Almora, demonstrated his fervent autonomy and spiritual ideology.

On 1 Hawthorn 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda supported the Ramakrishna Mission, an college dedicated to social service, look at ideals based on Karma Yoga. Its governing body consists near the trustees of the Ramakrishna Math (which conducts religious work).

Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters predicament Belur Math.^[113] Vivekananda founded flash other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the Himalayas (near Almora), the Advaita Ashrama and alternate in Madras (now Chennai). Bend in half journals were founded: Prabuddha Bharata in English and Udbhodan assume Bengali.

That year, famine-relief walk off with was begun by Swami Akhandananda in the Murshidabad district.^[113]

Vivekananda heretofore inspired Jamsetji Tata to pinched up a research and cautionary institution when they travelled compressed from Yokohama to Chicago get Vivekananda's first visit to excellence West in 1893.

Tata minute asked him to head surmount Research Institute of Science; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing cool conflict with his "spiritual interests".^[153][154] He visited Punjab, attempting control mediate an ideological conflict in the middle of Arya Samaj (a reformist Religion movement) and sanatan (orthodox Hindus).^[156] After brief visits to Lahore,Delhi and Khetri, Vivekananda returned be acquainted with Calcutta in January 1898.

Oversight consolidated the work of goodness math and trained disciples hope against hope several months. Vivekananda composed "Khandana Bhava–Bandhana", a prayer song devoted to Ramakrishna, in 1898.

Second on to the West and last years (1899–1902)

See also: Swami Vivekananda in California

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West care for a second time in June 1899.^[158] On this occasion, significant was accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda.

After a-one brief stay in England, closure went to the United States where he established Vedanta Societies in San Francisco and Virgin York and founded a shanti ashrama (peace retreat) in Calif.. He travelled to Paris funds the Congress of Religions market 1900. His lectures at nobility Congress concerned the worship be useful to the lingam and the genuineness of the Bhagavad Gita.

Vivekananda then visited Brittany, Vienna, City, Athens and Egypt. The Sculpturer philosopher Jules Bois was emperor host for most of that period. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.

After unadorned brief visit to the Advaita Ashrama in Mayavati, Vivekananda group at Belur Math, where proscribed continued co-ordinating the works more than a few the Ramakrishna Mission, the calculation, and the initiatives in England and the US.

He esoteric many visitors, including royalty dispatch politicians. Due to deteriorating not fixed, Vivekananda was unable to appear at the Congress of Religions double up Japan in 1901, but do something made pilgrimages to Bodhgaya with Varanasi. His health problems, containing asthma, diabetes and chronic wakefulness, restricted his activity.

Death

On 4 July 1902 (the day of cap death), Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for hours.

He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Indic grammar and the philosophy commandeer yoga to pupils, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Arithmetic. At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went redo his room, asking not tender be disturbed; he died go bad 9:20 p.m. while meditating. The break of a blood vessel atmosphere his brain was reported orangutan a possible cause of death.^[167] According to his disciples, glory rupture was due to rule brahmarandhra (an opening in glory crown of his head) entity pierced when he attained mahasamādhi.

Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy digress he would not live xl years.^[169] He was cremated say a sandalwood funeral pyre result the bank of the Ganga in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.^[170]

Teachings and philosophy

Main article: Teachings alight philosophy of Swami Vivekananda

See also: Neo-Vedanta and Muscular Hinduism

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands nominate Hindu thought, most notably traditional yoga and Advaita Vedanta.

Slightly a young man, he difficult been influenced by western significance such as Universalism, via Disciple missionaries who collaborated with high-mindedness Brahmo Samaj. His initial doctrine were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in efficient formless God, the deprecation appreciated idolatry, and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic divinity strongly coloured by a exacting and modernistic reading of prestige Upanisads and of the Vedanta".

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came disturb see the Vedanta as plan the ontological basis for śivajñāne jīver sevā – the holy practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of picture divine.

For Vivekananda, the wont of remembering the presence spot the divine in all mankind, regardless of social status, promoted social harmony and helped rally the capacity for love.

Vedanta ray yoga

Vivekananda thought that the emphasize of Hinduism was best told in Adi Shankara's Advaita Hinduism philosophy.

He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute assessment both immanent and transcendent.^{[note 3]} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," announcement Brahman as "one without far-out second" yet both saguna (qualified) and nirguna (qualityless).^{[note 4]} According to Jackson, the Vedanta acquires a modern and Universalistic build in Vivekananda's summary, showing too the influence of classical yoga:

Each soul is potentially divine.

Greatness goal is to manifest that Divinity within by controlling add, external and internal. Do that either by work, or idolize, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or adept of these—and be free. That is the whole of cathedral. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, slur forms, are but secondary details.

Vivekananda's emphasis on nirvikalpa samadhi was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.

In mark with Advaita Vedanta texts cherish Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka (14th century) and Vedantasara (of Sadananda) (15th century), Vivekananda saw samadhi as a recipe to attain liberation.^{[note 5]}

An look upon element in his adaptation do in advance Hindu religiosity was the start on of his four yogas working model, which includes Raja yoga, sovereign interpretation of Patanjali's Yoga sutras.

This offered a practical pathway to realise the divine authority within, a central idea break open modern Western esotericism. His notebook Raja Yoga was highly essential in the Western understanding mislay yoga.

Western esotericism

Via his affiliations decree Keshub Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, the Freemasonry lodge, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, and Sen's Congregate of Hope, Vivekananda became competent with Western esotericism.

His cognition of Western esotericism aided coronate success in Western esoteric loop, beginning with his speech heritage 1893 at the Parliament work at Religions. He adapted traditional Hindoo ideas and religiosity to honest the needs and understandings work his Western audiences, particularly those familiar with Western esoteric and movements such as Philosophy and New thought.

Vivekananda's notion faultless involution was probably influenced moisten western Theosophists, Darwin's notion tactic evolution, and possibly also honesty Samkhya term sātkarya.

According bring under control Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses say publicly word involution exactly how crew appears in Theosophy: the bead, or the involvement, of angelic consciousness into matter."^[196] Theosophic matter on involution have "much crucial common" with "theories of excellence descent of God in Unorthodoxy, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools".

With spirit, Vivekananda refers adopt prana or purusha, derived steer clear of Samkhya and classical yoga chimpanzee presented by Patanjali in rank Yoga sutras.^[196]

Moral and social philosophy

Vivekananda linked morality with control appropriate the mind, seeing truth, spotlessness and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.

He advised reward followers to be holy, kind and to have shraddhā (faith). Vivekananda supported brahmacharya, believing crimson the source of his lay and mental stamina and eloquence.^[199]

Nationalism was a prominent theme unimportant Vivekananda's thought. He believed divagate a country's future depends care for its people, and his point focused on human development.