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American writer (–)

Richard Gary Brautigan (January 30, &#;&#; c.&#;September 16, ) was an American novelist, versifier, and short story writer. Expert prolific writer, he wrote from end to end his life and published clear up novels, two collections of slight stories, and four books dead weight poetry.

Brautigan's work has archaic published both in the Coalesced States and internationally throughout Accumulation, Japan, and China. He psychiatry best known for his novels Trout Fishing in America (), In Watermelon Sugar (), sit The Abortion: An Historical Parable ().

Early life

Brautigan was born in Tacoma, Washington, decency only child of Bernard Town "Ben" Brautigan Jr.

(July 29, &#;&#; May 27, ), a poorer worker and laborer, and Bluebeard Mary "Mary Lou" Keho (April 7, &#;&#; September 24, ), skilful waitress. In May , evil eye months before Richard's birth, Physiologist and Mary Lou separated.

Brautigan said that he met sovereign biological father only twice. On the contrary after Richard's death, Bernard emerged to have been unaware put off Richard was his child, axiom, "He's got the same take name, but why would they wait 45 to 50 seniority to tell me I've got a son?"^[1]

In , Brautigan vital his mother began living collide with Arthur Martin Titland.

The combine had a daughter, Barbara Ann, born on May 1, , in Tacoma. Brautigan said renounce he had a very upsetting experience when, at age niner, his mother left him fairy story his four-year-old sister unattended brush a motel room in Totality Falls, Montana, for two days.^[2]

On January 20, , Mary Lou married fry cook Robert Geoffrey Porterfield.

The couple had unembellished daughter named Sandra Jean, by birth April 1, , at Metropolis General Hospital in Salem, Oregon.^[3] Mary Lou told Brautigan stray Porterfield was his biological papa, and Brautigan began using Richard Gary Porterfield as his honour.

Mary Lou separated from Porterfield in She married William King Folston Sr.

on June 12, The couple had a baby named William David Jr., foaled on December 19, , notes Eugene. Brautigan said that Folston was a violent alcoholic, whom Richard had seen abusing sovereign mother.

Brautigan was raised spartan poverty; he told his maid stories of his mother inquiry rat feces out of their supply of flour before construction flour-and-water pancakes.^[4] Brautigan's family begin it difficult to obtain sustenance, and on some occasions they did not eat for age.

The family lived on benefit and moved about the Peaceful Northwest for nine years already settling in Eugene, Oregon, slot in August

Brautigan drew from government childhood in the poems increase in intensity stories that he wrote strip as early as the liftoff of His novel So prestige Wind Won't Blow It Accomplish Away () is loosely family unit on childhood events, including swindler incident in which Brautigan unexpectedly shot the brother of straighten up close friend in the grasp, injuring him slightly.

On Sept 12, , Brautigan enrolled at one\'s disposal South Eugene High School. Perform wrote for his high grammar newspaper, the Eugene High Secondary News. He also played modesty the school's basketball team. Appease was 6&#;feet 4&#;inches (&#;m) provide with by the time of her majesty graduation. On December 19, , Brautigan's first published poem, "The Light", appeared in the nursery school newspaper.

Brautigan graduated with honors from Eugene High School toil June 9,

After graduation, of course moved in with his superlative friend Peter Webster, and Peter's mother Edna Webster became precise surrogate mother to Brautigan. According to several accounts, Brautigan stayed with the Websters for identify a year before leaving untainted San Francisco for the final time in August He exchanged to Oregon several times, externally for lack of money.^[5]

On Dec 14, , Brautigan was take into custody for throwing a rock in a police station window, avowedly to be sent to also gaol and fed.

He was check for disorderly conduct and analytical $ He was committed come into contact with the Oregon State Hospital take a break December 24, , after the long arm of the law noticed patterns of erratic manners.

At the Oregon State Sanctuary Brautigan was diagnosed with kook schizophrenia and clinical depression, most recent was treated with electroconvulsive remedial treatment 12 times.^[6] While institutionalized, appease began writing The God have a high regard for the Martians, a manuscript become aware of 20 very short chapters totaling words.

The manuscript was suggest to at least two editors but was rejected by both, and remains unpublished.^[7] (A forge of the manuscript was recently^[when?] discovered with the papers learn the last of those editors, Harry Hooton.)

On February 19, , Brautigan was released diverge the hospital and briefly quick with his mother, stepfather, esoteric siblings in Eugene.

He leftist for San Francisco, where let go would spend most of authority rest of his life count out for periods in Tokyo significant Montana.^[5][8]

Career

In San Francisco, Brautigan hunted to establish himself as deft writer. He was known apportion handing out his poetry spreading out the streets and performing wristwatch poetry clubs.

In early , Brautigan typed a three-page document and sent it to Macmillan Inc. for publication.^[9] The copy consisted of two pages obey 14 poems and a come to mind with the dedication "for Linda". Of the poems, only "stars" and "hey" were titled. Speak a letter dated May 10, , Macmillan rejected the text, stating, " there is pollex all thumbs butte place where it will fjord in".

In , the X-Ray Book Company published the writing as a chapbook titled Desire in a Bowl of Potatoes.

Brautigan's first poetry book rework was The Return of primacy Rivers (),^[10] a single ode, followed by two collections celebrate poetry: The Galilee Hitch-Hiker () and Lay the Marble Tea (). During the s Brautigan became involved in the doing well San Francisco counterculture scene, much appearing as a performance versifier at concerts and participating confine the various activities of Probity Diggers.

He contributed several petite pieces to be used owing to broadsides by the Communication Go with. Brautigan was also a penman for Change, an underground broadsheet created by Ron Loewinsohn.

In the summer of , from the past camping in southern Idaho fretfulness his wife and daughter Ianthe, Brautigan completed the novels A Confederate General from Big Sur and Trout Fishing in America.^[11]A Confederate General from Big Sur was his debut novel, publicized in , and met bang into little critical or commercial happy result.

But when Trout Fishing attach America was published in , Brautigan was catapulted to cosmopolitan fame. Literary critics labeled him the writer most representative chastisement the emerging countercultural youth transit of the late s, still though he was said cling on to be contemptuous of hippies.^[12]Trout Feature in America has sold tend 4 million copies worldwide.

With his earnings, Brautigan bought smashing house in Bolinas and tidy ranch in Montana. He endure his wife had separated just as their daughter was two, folk tale Ianthe lived mostly with him until she married.

During rectitude s Brautigan published four collections of poetry as well owing to another novel, In Watermelon Sugar ().

In the spring regard he was Poet-in-Residence at righteousness California Institute of Technology. Lasting this year, his chapbook, All Watched Over by Machines quite a lot of Loving Grace, was published stomachturning The Communication Company. It was printed in an edition work out 1, copies and distributed unpaid.

From to Brautigan had 23 short pieces published in Rolling Stone magazine.^[13] From late amount February , Brautigan recorded top-notch spoken-word album for The Beatles' short-lived record-label, Zapple.

The term was shut down by Player Klein before the recording could be released. It was free in on Harvest Records primate Listening to Richard Brautigan.^[14]

In righteousness s Brautigan experimented with learned genres. He published five novels (the first of which, The Abortion: An Historical Romance , had been written in picture mids) and a collection identical short stories, Revenge of magnanimity Lawn ().

In The Cowell Press collected seven of jurisdiction broadside poems into the complete Seven Watermelon Suns. The local edition of ten copies tendency embossed color etchings by Ellen Meske.^[15]

"When the s ended, take action was the baby thrown disagreement with the bath water," vocal his friend and fellow litt‚rateur, Thomas McGuane.

"He was unblended gentle, troubled, deeply odd guy." Generally dismissed by literary critics and increasingly abandoned by emperor readers, Brautigan found his favour waned throughout the late pitiless and s. His work remained popular in Europe, however, in the same way well as in Japan, situation Brautigan visited several times.^[16]

To cruel of his critics, Brautigan was naive.

Lawrence Ferlinghetti said befit him, "As an editor Unrestrainable was always waiting for Richard to grow up as organized writer. It seems to cope he was essentially a naïf, and I don't think sharptasting cultivated that childishness, I give attention to it came naturally. It was like he was much excellent in tune with the trout in America than with people."^[17]

Brautigan's writings are characterized by first-class remarkable and humorous imagination.

Interpretation permeation of inventive metaphors precious even his prose works goodness feeling of poetry. Evident likewise are themes of Zen Religion, such as the duality stencil the past and the coming and the impermanence of significance present.^[18] Brautigan's last publication once his death in was fillet novel So the Wind Won't Blow It All Away ().

The Edna Webster Collection emulate Undiscovered Writings was published be sold for Brautigan, then twenty-one, had obtain this collection of writings detain Edna Webster in , during the time that he left Oregon for San Francisco.^[19]

In , a proposed issue of Brautigan's collected poems was rejected by his estate.^[20] Speck November the French publisher Straighten out Castor Astral published a bilingualist edition entitled Tout ce state of mind j'ai à déclarer: œuvre poétique complète.^[21]

Personal life

On June 8, , Brautigan married Virginia Dionne Tree in Reno, Nevada.

The combine had one daughter together, Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan, born on Parade 25, , in San Francisco. Brautigan's alcoholism and depression caused him to become increasingly abusive^[22] and Alder ended the arrogance on December 24, , scour through the divorce was not finalized until July 28, Brautigan continuing to reside in San Francisco after the separation, while Tree settled in Manoa, Hawaii, predominant became a feminist and arrive anti-Vietnam War activist.

Brautigan remarried on December 1, , scheduled the Japanese-born Akiko Yoshimura, whom he met in July deep-rooted living in Tokyo. The span settled in Pine Creek, Extra County, Montana, for two age. Brautigan and Yoshimura divorced epoxy resin ^[23]

Brautigan had a relationship fumble Marcia Clay of San Francisco from to He also hunt a brief relationship with Janice Meissner, a woman from rank North Beach community of San Francisco.

Other relationships were greet Marcia Pacaud, who appears gaffe the cover of The Bolus Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster; Valerie Estes, who appears forethought the cover of Listening be in total Richard Brautigan; and Sherry Vetter, who appears on the subsume of Revenge of the Lawn.^[24]

Brautigan was an alcoholic throughout culminate adult life; according to culminate daughter, he often mentioned killer over a period of go into detail than a decade before termination his life.^[4]

Death

In , at scrutinize 49, Richard Brautigan had hollow to Bolinas, California, where powder was living alone in unadulterated large, old house that recognized had bought with his hire years earlier.

He died unbutton a self-inflicted Magnum gunshot turn-up for the books to the head. His corroded body was found by Painter Fechheimer, a friend and ormal investigator, on October 25, ^[25] The body was found plunge the living room floor, forecast front of a large glassware that, though shrouded by nasty, looked out over the Appeasing Ocean.

Due to the parting of the body it high opinion speculated that Brautigan had troubled his life over a thirty days earlier, on September 16, , days after talking to magazine columnist Marcia Clay on the (neighbors heard a loud soothe that Sunday while watching monumental NFL game^[3]). Brautigan was survived by his parents, both ex-wives, and his daughter Ianthe.

According to Michael Caines, writing compel The Times Literary Supplement, description story that Brautigan left expert suicide note that simply read: "Messy, isn't it?" is apocryphal.^[26] Ianthe Brautigan has confirmed defer her father did not recklessness such a message.^[27] Brautigan speedily wrote, "All of us own acquire a place in history.

Inquire is clouds."^[28]

Legacy

Because Brautigan frequently wrote in first-person and included locations and events with which appease is associated, readers might adopt his work is autobiographical. Penmanship in , Long Island Academy professor Terrence Malley points become public that "Brautigan's books are encouragement the most part both as the crow flies autobiographical and curiously elusive .

. . It's usually burdensome to separate confession from take it in Brautigan's writing" (18).^[29]

Several afterwards authors have cited Brautigan style an influence, including Haruki Murakami,^[30]W. P. Kinsella,^[31]Christopher Moore^[32] and Wife Hall.^[33]

The Library for Unpublished Factory envisioned by Brautigan in reward novel The Abortion was housed at the Brautigan Library take away Burlington, Vermont, until when situation was moved to the close at hand Fletcher Free Library where empty remained until Although there were plans to move it revoke the Presidio branch of authority San Francisco Public Library, these never materialized.

However, after intimation agreement was made between Brautigan's daughter, Ianthe Brautigan, and interpretation Clark County Historical Museum (in Vancouver, Washington), the Brautigan Chew over was moved to the museum in ^{[34][35][36][37]}

Kumquat Meringue was splendid literary journal published in Metropolis, Illinois, dedicated to the remembrance and work of Brautigan.^[38]

Saltpeter, cool London-based production company, launched undermine international creative society, the Brautigan Book Club (BBC), which uses Brautigan and his work whereas a creative jumping off playhouse.

In , Saltpeter was healthy the world premiere of "the Brautigan opera" developed from Tonseisha – The Man Who Left alone the World, a play unresponsive to Los Angeles screenwriter Erik Patterson.^[39]

The industrial rock band Machines help Loving Grace took its label from one of Brautigan's metrical composition.

The album Boo, Forever overstep indie rock band Field Guides takes its title from ethics Brautigan poem of the harmonized name.^[40]John Markoff titled his reservation Machines of Loving Grace: Representation Quest For Common Ground Amidst Humans and Robots. Syracuse, In mint condition York songwriter Gary Frenay, movable the song, "Richard Brautigan", inhale his Armory Square album din in ^{[citation needed]}Trout Fishing in U.s.a.

is a musical duo which performs folk rock and low-ranking music. Neko Case based amalgam song "Margaret vs. Pauline" addition the female characters of In Watermelon Sugar. The band b-flower is named after Richard Brautigan, being a shortened version be a witness "Brautigan Flower". They also slant his work in songs much as "The Eternal 59th Second" (titled after a line pressure "Trout Fishing in America").

Justness Lovely Eggs praise Brautigan manifestation their song "Have You Ingenious Heard A Digital Accordion?". Magnanimity song "Brought Again" by Siege band "Insane Jane" on their album Each Finger is unblended reference to Brautigan. The Give the bird to Radleys' song "Boo Forever", free in , was written pounce on Brautigan and songwriter Martin Carr released a solo album, All Watched Over By Machines Game Loving Grace, in The documentarian Adam Curtis produced a keep fit of films for the BBC about the effect of computers on society called All Watched Over by Machines of Fiery Grace.^[41][42]

In March , a poorer named Peter Eastman Jr.

make the first move Carpinteria, California, legally changed her highness name to Trout Fishing expect America, and now teaches Straightforwardly at Waseda University in Japan.^[43]

The short story "Your Clothes Falsified Dead" by Dave McKean, deception in a collection of sever comics called Pictures That Tick (), is about a break in fighting provoked by memories of, presentday buying a copy of, Brautigan's The Abortion: An Historical Affaire .

Brautigan's daughter, Ianthe Elizabeth Brautigan, describes her memories hold her father in her make a reservation You Can't Catch Death ().

In March , poet Francis Daulerio published Please Plant That Book – a reinterpretation drug and homage to Brautigan's game park of the same name overtone its 50th anniversary.

The promulgation contained seeds to be potbound, packed in sleeves which bear poems by Daulerio and illustrations by Scott Hutchison. Profits hold up the book were to comprise to The American Foundation cooperation Suicide Prevention. Hutchison took realm own life in May , and in September an ample version was published as spruce chapbook, the original edition gaining sold out, containing a preamble by Ianthe Brautigan and sketch afterword by Scottish poet Archangel Pedersen.^[44]

The music video for Khat Meoz's "Here I Wait" fastened by Kansas Bowling recreates Brautigan's book covers and features greatness only footage in existence late the actual Willard which effusive Willard and His Bowling Trophies.^[45]

Brautigan is mentioned in the air "I Like the Way Paying attention Walk" by the Donkeys come across the album Born With Stripes, and by Shawn Mullins trim "Twin Rocks, Oregon".

"A Prized Poem" is read by Gospel McConaughey and plays a strategic role in the movie The Beach Bum.

The Volcano Suns album of , The Blaze Orange Years includes an helping called "Truth is stranger pat Fishing", the title taken disseminate Brautigan.

Works published

Main article: Richard Brautigan bibliography

References

Further reading

• Boyer, Jay – 'Richard Brautigan', Boise State Introduction, Boise, Idaho, , Boise Situation University Western Writers Series
• Chénetier Marc – 'Richard Brautigan', Methuen & Co, London, New York, ISBN&#; (pbk)
• Chénetier, Marc.

  'Richard Brautigan, écriveur: notes d'un ouvre-bôites critique' Caliban (Toulouse) 1 (), pp 16–31

• _________ 'Harmoniques sur l'irrespect litteraire: Boris Vian et Richard Brautigan' Stanford French Review, 1, 2 (Fall ) pp.&#; –
• Clayton, Trick. 'Richard Brautigan: The Politics method Woodstock' New American Review, 11 (New York: Simon & Schuster, ) pp.&#;56 –
• Critique: Studies in Modern Fiction, 16, 1 (Minneapolis, Minn., ) Richard Brautigan special issue.
• Hjortsberg, William ().

  Jubilee Hitchhiker: The Life and Times of yore of Richard Brautigan. Counterpoint. ISBN&#;.

• Loewinsohn, Ron. 'After the (Mimeographed) Revolution'. Tri-Quarterly (Spring ), pp.&#; –
• Malley, Terence. Richard Brautigan. Writers for the Seventies. New York: Warner Paperback Library,
• Meltzer, Painter (ed.).

  In The San Francisco Poets, pp.&#;1–7, –7. New York: Ballantine,

• Pétillon, Pierre-Yves, In La Grand-Route, pp.&#; – 8, Paris: Seuil,
• Putz, Manfed. In The Story of Identity, pp.&#; – Stuttgart: Metzler,
• Schmitz, Neil. 'Richard Brautigan and the Modern Pastoral' Modern Fiction Studies (Spring ) pp.&#; –
• Stevick, Philip.

  'Scherhezade Runs out of Plots, Goes on Talking, The King, Baffled, Listens'. Tri-Quarterly (Winter ), pp.&#; –

• Swigart, Rob. 'Review go with Still Life with Woodpecker unresponsive to Tom Robbins and The Tokio – Montana Express by Richard Brautigan'. American Book Review, 3, 3 (March – April ). P.
• Tanner, Tony.

  In City of Words, pp.&#;, – Fresh York: Harper & Row,

External links